17th century

The gunpowder tower was an integral part of the third defensive line, which was
laid around the center of Lviv, starting in 1522. The active phase of construction of the third line
occurs after 1527 (after the great fire of Lviv) and lasts until the end of 1540. Construction took
place over a twenty-year period when the city was exempt from paying taxes to the state royal
treasury and could spend money for the modernization of fortifications.
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In the article we prove that the date of its construction of the Powder Tower should be

In 2001, dr. A. Mandzy, working with scholars in both Poland and Ukraine, initiated the Cossack Battlefield Commission to explore and study Cossack battlefields. The battlef ield near Zboriv 1649 was chosen as the object of survey. Much like previous excavations at the Berestechko Battlefield, the Zboriv project made heavy use of historical records, cartographic evidence and archaeological fields testing methods. Beginning in 2002, the group of researches, working under promotion dr.