Recently, much attention has been paid to the development and application of various types of crutches, in particular screw-type [1, 3], whose application is more expedient, since their vertical movements are much smaller than those of ordinary ones. There are only questions about their shape, thread sizes and ways of screwing into the ground.
- Kmetko I. N. Issledovanie sistematicheskih oshibok vysokotochnogo nivelirovanija : Avtoref. dis. ... kand. tehk. nauk. L'vov, 1967.
- Pavlov P. V., Pnevskij P. I. Issledovanie ustojchivosti kostylej korotkim vizirnym luchem // Geodezija, kartografija i ajerofotosemka. 1983. Vyp. 37.
- Pnevskij P. I. Razrabotka metodov vyjavlenija i ucheta pogreshnostej, obuslovlennyh neustojchivost'ju reperov i perehodnyh tochek. Avtoref. dis. ... kand. tehn. nauk. L'vov, 1984.