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In “The Construction of Human Kinds”, Ron Mallon explores how social categories such as race, gender, and sexuality are not natural facts but are formed through collective beliefs, language, and social roles. He argues that although these categories are socially constructed, they can still be real, stable, and causally powerful. The book combines philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, and social theory to develop a realistic version of social constructionism. Mallon shows how treating categories as “natural” can reduce moral responsibility and sustain inequality.

This article investigates how sociocultural factors of gender differences influence the design and architectural planning of residential environments. In the problem statement, the author emphasizes that traditional architectural approaches often rely on an “average” user model, overlooking the specific needs of various gender groups. As a result, certain residents—particularly women, the elderly, and people with disabilities—may face unsafe and uncomfortable conditions.