Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease common in tropical and subtropical regions.  This infectious disease is endemic in Sarawak, Malaysia.  In recent years, the threat of leptospirosis is on an increasing trend in Sarawak since 2010.  The traditional compartmental models assume that the population is homogeneous and shares the same characteristics and behaviours.  However, each individual in the population has different and unique behaviour in the real world.  Thus, this paper aims to model the leptospirosis spread by adopting the individual-based modeling approach to address the heterogenei

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by the pathogen Leptospira, and it can spread indirectly or directly from infected animals to humans.  According to the official statistics from the Malaysian Ministry of Health, leptospirosis outbreaks appeared to be in the most critical condition in the recent few years.  The Susceptible--Infected--Recovered compartmental model and its extensions have been applied widely in disease modeling.  This paper aims to present a compartmental model for leptospirosis spread in Malaysia.  Using this approach, an epidemiological model is formulated