linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Increasing the Efficiency of Solar Water Pumping Installation Based on the Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Conversion in a Centrifugal Pump

One of the promising way to use solar energy is standalone PV solar water pumping systems, which are designed for irrigation and urban/rural water supply instead of grid-connected electric or diesel water pumping systems. The simplest and most common among such solar water pumping systems are  direct driven systems that do not require  expensive  and unreliable storage  batteries.