Nowadays the blockchain is considered to be an integral part of intelligent transport systems. Intelligence of a transport systems allows to increase road safety, wisely utilize systems’ resources and provide additional services to participants. However, blockchain implementations for intelligent transport systems must be adopted to the peculiarities of such systems. This work analyzes existing blockchain solutions, their features, advantages, drawbacks, and presents a consortium type blockchain implementation for an intelligent transport system. This implementation includes a two-layered architecture of digital entities interaction, consideration for digital entities distribution over the layers, consensus mechanism selection and its implementation, trust model considerations, and a block structure for the proposed blockchain implementation. The article also brings the solution to the single point of failure vulnerability of the proposed blockchain system. Thus, the paper covers key aspects of a blockchain design for an intelligent transport system.
[1] Meneguette, R., De Grande, R., Loureiro, A. (2018). Intelligent Transport System in Smart Cities. Aspects and Challenges of Vehicular Networks and Cloud, p. – 182. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-93332-0.
[2] Waseem, M., Ahmed, K., Azeem, M. (2021). Blockchain Based Intelligent Transport System. Modern Innovations, Systems and Technologies, 1(3), pp. 70–88. doi: 10.47813/2782-2818-2021-1-3-70-88.
[3] Blockchain In Retail Market Sales, Demand Outlook by Component, Type, Application & Region - Fore-cast 2023 – 2030. Contrive Datum Insights. Available at https://www.contrivedatuminsights.com/product-report/blockchain-in-retai...
[4] Building Value with Blockchain Technology:How to Evaluate Blockchain’s Benefits. World Economic Forum White Paper. Available at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Building_Value_with_Blockchain.pdf
[5] Nam, K., Dutt, C., Chathoth, P., Khan, M. (2021). Blockchain technology for smart city and smart tourism: latest trends and challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 454–468, 2021. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2019.1585376
[6] Shrestha, R., Bajracharya, R., Shrestha, A., Nam, S. (2020). A new type of blockchain for secure message exchange in VANET. Digital Communications and Networks, Volume 6, Issue 2, pp. 177-186. doi: 10.1016/j.dcan.2019.04.003.
[7] Jabbar, R., Dhib, E., Ben Said, A., Krichen, M., Zaidan, E., Barkaoui, K. (2022). Blockchain Technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 20995-21031, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3149958.
[8] Hou, J., Ding, W., Liang, X., Zhu, F., Yuan, Y., Wang, F. (2021). A Study on Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Based Intelligent Transportation System enabled by Blockchain and Smart Contract, 2021 China Automation Congress (CAC), Beijing, China, pp. 967-971. doi: 10.1109/CAC53003.2021.9727429.
[9] Zhang, X., Chen, X. (2019) Data security sharing and storage based on a consortium blockchain in a vehicular ad-hoc network. IEEE Access Vol. 7, pp. 58241-58254. doi: 0.1109/ACCESS.2018.2890736.
[10] Lu, Z., Liu, W., Wang, Q., Qu, G., Liu, Z. (2018) A privacy-preserving trust model based on blockchain for VANETs. IEEE Access Vol. 6, pp. – 45655-45664. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2864189.
[11] Zheng, D., Jing, C., Guo, R., Gao, S., Wang L. (2019) A traceable blockchain-based access authentication system with privacy preservation in VANETs. IEEE Access Vol. 7, pp. 117716-117726. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2936575.
[12] Marmol, F., Martinez, G. (2011). TRIP, a trust and reputation infrastructure-based proposal for vehicular ad hoc networks. Journal of Network and Computer, Vol. 35 (3), pp. – 934-941. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2011.03.028.
[13] Gurung, S., Lin, D., Squicciarini, A., Bertino, E. (2013). Information-Oriented Trustworthiness Evaluation in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. Network and System Security, Vol. 7873, pp. 94–108. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-38631-2_8.
[14] Jakobsson, M., Juels, A. (1999). "Proofs of Work and Bread Pudding Protocols". Secure Information Networks: Communications and Multimedia Security. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 258–272. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35568-9_18.
[15] Bentov, I., Gabizon, A., Mizrahi, A. (2016). Cryptocurrencies Without Proof of Work. Financial Cryptography and Data Security, vol 9604, pp. 142–157. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_10
[16] De Angelis, S., Aniello, L., Lombardi, F., Margheri, A., Sassone, V. (2017). PBFT vs proof-of-authority: applying the CAP theorem to permissioned blockchain. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320619309_PBFT_vs_proof-of-auth...
[17] P4Titan. (2014) Slimcoin A Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Burn Available at https://github.com/slimcoin-project/slimcoin-project.github.io/raw/maste...
[18] Dziembowski, S., Faust, S., Kolmogorov, V., Pietrzak, K. (2013). Proofs of Space. Available at https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/796.pdf
[19] Curran, B. (2018) What is Proof of Elapsed Time Consensus? (PoET) Complete Beginner’s Guide. Avail-able at https://blockonomi.com/proof-of-elapsed-time-consensus/
[20] Bentov, I., Lee, C., Mizrahi, A., Rosenfeld, M. (2014). Proof of Activity: Extending Bitcoin's Proof of Work via Proof of Stake. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Volume 42, Issue 3, pp 34–37. doi: 10.1145/2695533.2695545
[21] Chen, J., Micali, S. (2019). Algorand: A secure and efficient distributed ledger Available at https://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~jingchen/papers/Algorand_A%20secure%20an.... doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2019.02.001
[22] NEM Technical Reference. Version 1.2.1. (2018) Available at https://nemproject.github.io/nem-docs/pages/Whitepapers/NEM_techRef.pdf
[23] Castro, M., Liskov, B. Practical Byzantine Fault tolerance. (2002) Proc. Third Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, p. – 114.
[24] Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System. Available at: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[25] Merkle, R. (1987). A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function. Proceedings of CRYPTO 1987, pp. – 369-378. doi: 10.1007/3-540-48184-2_32.