Середньовіччя

The article highlights the historical and legal aspects of the formation and reformation of church and canon law in Europe in the 11th-13th centuries. It is emphasized that medieval church and canon law remains not only the main source of religious law, but also a key element of modern secular legal systems, and the conceptual ideas and conclusions of medieval canonists remain embodied in the tradition of common law in the English-speaking world and the legal heritage of the countries of continental Europe.

The Bender fortress - the largest fortification in Moldova, consisting of a castle and a stone-earth fortress, was used by the 14th Army of the Russian Federation until 2008. Therefore for a long time, it was inaccessible for field studies, which soon revealed the contradiction between the accepted history and architecture. Two historical documents - the history of Sultan Suleiman about the construction of the fortress in 1538 and the memoirs of a traveler of the 17th century.

The concept of «museality» is one of the main theoretical constructs in the modern museology. Museality means that a person considers selected subjects as such important testimonies of a certain state of things that wants to keep them as long as possible and to disseminate knowledge about them in the society. This particular relation of a person to his world is connected with the material objects, which are called «musealias». «Museal need» to take from everyday use some monuments of antiquity had various motives in different historical periods.