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BELFRY (BERGFRIEDE) OF JOANNIC CASTLES AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF SIMILAR TOWERS BUILT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

The Order of St. John also is commonly referred to as the Hospitaller Order, the Order of Rhodes, or the Order of Malta. The Order of St. John originated before the First Crusade as a religious brotherhood, founded by European pilgrims in Jerusalem in 1070 at the Hospital of St. John the Almsgiver. The Brotherhood's primary mission was to provide hospitals for pilgrims arriving in the Holy Land. The order established further hospitals at monasteries and churches, initially in the Middle East, and later throughout almost all of Europe.

CASTLE OF CASIMIR III THE GREAT IN ZŁOTORIA

The ruins of the castle in Złotoria were not the subject of interest for a long time after the Second World War. The first architectural and construction inventory was prepared in 1966. At that time, a description of the castle ruins was also made. These were preliminary architectural studies of the monument. Special actions were recommended to save the fragments of walls that were sliding into the Vistula at that time. The next construction and conservation inventory was prepared by researchers from Toruń in 1967.

ARCHITECTS OF THE MEDZHYBIZH CASTLE IN THE LAST HALF OF THE 16th CENTURY JAN BĄK AND KRZYSZTOF BODZAN. ARCHIVES vs MYTHES

This article informs for the first time that in the second half of the 16th century, a citizen of the city of Ternopil, Jan Bąk (“Jan Bonk” in English transcription), was employed by Mikołaj Sieniawski as the architect of Medzhybizh Castle (now in Khmelnytskyi region, Ukraine). The notice of this fact was found by the author in the first volume of the manuscript “Płac prawnych prac” (“A place for legal searches” – from Polish).