This review outlines the main approaches to developing the energy recovery processes from leather waste. It discusses the challenges and opportunities for accelerating the utilization of solid leather waste for biofuel production and considers promising methods for processing biomass, chromium waste, sewage sludge, and fat into bioenergy feedstocks.
The growing demand for environmentally sustainable materials with improved performance has led to a notable rise in the production of thermally modified (TM) wood, including ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Although TM wood offers enhanced functional properties and durability, it still has a finite service life. Comprehensive experimental investigations have revealed that prolonged environmental exposure (over 24 months) significantly affects the surface quality of thermally modified ash (TM-Ash) wood.