Design and implementation of a geodetic network for monitoring the Dnister hydroelectric complex using ground-based and remote sensing methods

The aim of this work is to substantiate and practically implement a high-precision geodynamic monitoring system for the Dnister Hydroelectric Complex. This strategic facility (HPP-1, HPP-2, and PSP with an upper reservoir of 32.7 million m³) is in complex engineering-geological conditions: at the junction of tectonic plates, in a zone of faults and active karst. This creates risks of structural deformations, requiring reliable instrumental control. Methodology. A combined approach is proposed, integrating ground-based methods (GNSS, leveling) and Satellite Radar Interferometry (InSAR). Based on GIS analysis of relief and geology, a network of 8 new complex geodetic points was designed. A key feature is their equipment, which includes special corner reflectors, allowing Sentinel-1 satellites to clearly identify points even in undeveloped terrain. The installation was completed in May 2025, and the first measurement cycle using dual-frequency receivers was conducted in July. Results. A full-scale geodynamic polygon has been established. Analysis of GNSS observations revealed that the actual network accuracy exceeded the calculated value: the root mean square error is 1.2 mm in the plane and 5.6 mm in height. This allows for detecting the slightest ground displacements. Verification of corner reflectors using satellite imagery revealed a signal intensity increase of 10–12 dB, ensuring stable InSAR monitoring. Scientific novelty and practical significance lie in the implementation of an integrated methodology that combines the precision of ground measurements with the scale of spaceborne sensing. The created network ensures long-term stability control of dams and slopes, enabling timely detection of dangerous processes (landslides, subsidence) for the accident-free operation of the complex. The obtained data will serve as a baseline for future regular observations.

Dnister Hydroelectric Complex; geodynamic monitoring; GNSS measurements; satellite interferometry (InSAR); comprehensive geodetic points
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