Buildings often require inspection or reconstruction of reinforced concrete elements due to new regulations, technical equipment and changes in operating conditions. During reconstruction, there is a need for through openings to lay utilities and install modern engineering systems. Studies show that such openings generally reduce the strength of reinforced concrete elements. The impact of openings depends on their location, size and shape: openings in the support areas and compression zones have the most negative impact on strength, while openings in the middle of the span or neutral axis are less harmful. Round openings have a smaller effect on stresses than square openings. However, there is still insufficient research on the impact of such openings on structures in service, which requires additional research to formulate clear recommendations and ensure the reliability of buildings in the long term.
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