battery

An environmental impact of waste batteries was analysed (focusing on certain types like nickel-cadmium, lead-acid batteries). The study also adopts a quantitative analysis method, combined with China's battery production, sales, import and export data (2014–2023), and obtains data through the United Nations Commodity Trade Database and the China Battery Association report. The Weibull life distribution model was used to estimate the waste battery generation in China. The calculation is also based on the average lifetime and recycling rate of batteries.

In modern autonomous electric power supply systems, in particular, for electric vehicles (EV), rechargeable batteries (B) are often used as energy sources and supercapacitor (SC) modules are often used as power sources. To ensure the necessary level of on-board voltage, these devices consist of a large number of low-voltage cells, the work of which is accompanied by complex electronic energy management systems (EMS).