Measurement uncertainty

The application of intelligent sensors, network technologies, and machine learning in IoT and industry is increas- ingly widespread as a part of the development and implementation of Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, and Smart City. It is necessary to review the fundamental principles of metrological support for production. This includes calibration, estimation of measurement uncertainty, traceability, and processing of large data sets to reproduce and compare the results of measurements of physical quan- tities remotely.

High-frequency (HF) and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) power measurements are applied in various industries both in the development and design of radio-electronic equipment and in testing, commissioning, or repair. Since such measurements are one of the basic types of measurement for metrological support in the field of radio engineering and communication, it is necessary to ensure metrological traceability of the calibration of working standards and measuring instruments to standards on fundamental constants in wide frequency and dynamic ranges.

The creation and operation of mobile communication systems is impossible without determining the parameters of base stations and mobile communication systems. For these purposes, appropriate devices are used that optimally combine testing capabilities in a single portable solution, which eliminates the need for several separate control and measuring devices. One of the main types of measurements of such devices is the measurement of the power of ultra-high and extremely high frequency signals.