observability

In this paper, we consider a linear discrete-time fractional-order system defined by \[\Delta ^{\alpha }x_ {k+1}=Ax_k+B u_k, \quad k \geq 0, \quad x_{0} \in \mathbb{R}^{n};\] \[y_{k}=Cx_k, \quad k \geq 0,\] where $A$, $B$ and $C$ are appropriate matrices, $x_{0}$ is the initial state, $\alpha$ is the order of the derivative, $y_k$ is the signal output and $u_k=K x_k$ is feedback control.  By defining the fractional derivative in the Grunwald–Letnikov sense, we investigate the characterization of the maximal output set, $\Gamma(\Omega)=\lbrace x_{0} \in \mathbb{R}^{n}/y_

This paper studies a finite-dimensional discrete linear system whose initial state $x_0$ is unknown.  We assume that the system is augmented by two output equations, the first one $z_i$ being representing measurements made on the unknown state of the system and the other $y_i$ being representing the corresponding output.  The purpose of our work is to introduce two control laws, both in closed-loop of measurements $z_i$ and whose goal is to reduce asymptotically the effects of the unknown part of the initial state $x_0$.  The approach that we present consists of both th

Sufficient conditions for the existence of positive stable realizations for given proper transfer matrices are established. Two methods are proposed for determination of the positive stable realizations for given proper transfer matrices. The effectives of the proposed procedures is demonstrated on numerical examples.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the reachability and observability of fractional positive continuous-time linear electrical circuits are established. Effectiveness of the proposed conditions is demonstrated on examples of electrical circuits.