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Petroleum-based plastics are durable, flexible, cheap, and widely available, thus remain increasingly in demand by the growing global population. However, being non-biodegradable, conventional plastics (especially single-use products and materials) end-life scenarios pose continuous threats to the environment, including animal and human health. An estimated 20 million metric tons of disposable plastic litter are introduced into the environment annually.

The symbolic date of the founding of the Lviv-Warsaw School is considered to be November 15, 1895. On this day, the young Kasimir Twardowski (29 years old) delivered his first, introductory lecture at Lviv University, where he began his academic career as a professor of philosophy. His academic career at this University would continue until 1930, the year he retired. During these 35 years of activity at Lviv University, Kasimir Twardowski managed to create a School that became famous in Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period, and nowadays this school is world-renowned.