square cavity

Effect of nanoparticle shape on natural convection in hybrid nanofluid inside square cavity

A numerical study of natural convection in a square cavity with Al$_2$O$_3$-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid, focusing on the effects of nanoparticle shape, is conducted.  The governing partial differential equations and corresponding boundary conditions are transformed into nondimensional forms and solved using the finite element method.  The flow and heat transfer characteristics are graphically illustrated and explained for different nanoparticle volume fractions and shapes, with corresponding average Nusselt numbers.  It has been observed that a variety of nanoparticle sha

Numerical exploration of mixed convection heat transfer features within a copper-water nanofluidic medium occupied a square geometrical cavity

The phenomenon of mixed convection heat transfer in a homogeneous mixture is deliberated thoroughly in this study for cooper-water nanofluids flowing inside a lid-driven square cavity.  By adopting the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation and using the single-phase nanofluid model, the governing partial differential equations modeling the present flow are stated mathematically based on the Navier--Stokes and thermal balance formulations, where the important features of the scrutinized medium are presumed to remain constant at the cold temperature.  Note here that the density quantity in the bu