The article examines the legal nature, content, and evidentiary value of the institution of factual state recording by a judicial enforcement officer (protokoł stanu faktycznego) under the legislation of the Republic of Poland. This institution, originating from the French constat d’huissier de justice, reflects European trends in expanding the powers of enforcement officers toward evidence preservation and legal certainty in civil proceedings. Based on the analysis of the Polish Law on Judicial Enforcement Officers and the Polish Code of Civil Procedure, the study establishes that the protokoł stanu faktycznego constitutes a non-enforcement activity of the enforcement officer aimed at recording legally relevant facts either in material or digital form without analytical interpretation or legal qualification. It is noted that the protokoł stanu faktycznego may be drawn up both upon a court or prosecutor’s order and at the request of any interested person, without the need to prove legal interest. The article identifies procedural and material aspects of the protocol, including formal requirements, content, attachments (such as photographs, plans, schemes, maps, and drawings), the scope of competence of the enforcement officer, the amount of remuneration, and the use of technical means of recording. Particular attention is paid to the application of the protokoł stanu faktycznego in mediation, arbitration, insolvency proceedings, and in the digital environment specifically, for recording online content as evidence in cases of cyberbullying, defamation, or unfair competition. The article further outlines the range of practical uses of such protocols, including as documents confirming the transfer of premises or other real estate during lease or sale, descriptions of construction work progress or interruption, documentation of damage resulting from works or disasters, and records of structural defects or disappearing works. The study substantiates the expediency of implementing the Polish experience into Ukrainian legislation through the introduction of a legal mechanism for documenting juridical facts by enforcement officers, by amending the Law of Ukraine “On Enforcement Proceedings” and the relevant procedural codes. This implementation would enhance the effectiveness of judicial protection of individual rights and ensure the harmonization of Ukraine’s procedural law with European evidentiary standards.
1. Antkiewicz, A. (2024). Commentary on the Act on Judicial Enforcement Officers. In: M. Świeczkowska-Wójcikowska, J. Świeczkowski (Eds.), Act on Judicial Enforcement Officers. Act on Enforcement Fees. Code of Professional Ethics of Judicial Enforcement Officer. Commentary (2nd ed.). WKP, Legal status as of 1 January 2024, 1648 p. [In Polish].
2. Dorol, S. (2022). Droit et pratique du constat d’huissier. With contributions by J.-L. Bourdiec, P. Gielen, X. Louise-Alexandrine, S. Racine. 3rd edition. Paris: LexisNexis, “Droit & Professionnels. Procédures” series, 354 p. [In French].
3. Durda, A. (2025). Non-enforcement activities performed by the judicial enforcement officer. 1st edition. Sopot: Currenda Publishing, 400 p. [In Polish].
4. Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Poland: Act of 17 November 1964 (Journal of Laws 1964 No. 43, item 296). Retrieved from: [https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19640430296/U/D1964029...(https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19640430296/U/D1964029...) (Accessed: 20.06.2025). [In Polish].
5. Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Poland: Act of 6 June 1997 (Journal of Laws 1997 No. 89, item 555). Retrieved from: [https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19970890555/U/D1997055...(https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19970890555/U/D1997055...) (Accessed: 20.06.2025). [In Polish].
6. Kulski, R. (2013). The protocol of factual state (remarks de lege lata and de lege ferenda). In: A. Marciniak (Ed.), Foundations of the draft of the new Act on Judicial Enforcement Officers: Proceedings of the National Scientific Conference under the patronage of the Minister of Justice (Warsaw, 21 October 2013). Sopot, 254 p. [In Polish].
7. Marciniak, A. (2023). Judicial enforcement proceedings in civil cases (2nd ed.). Legal status as of 1 July 2023. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer, 544 p. [In Polish].
8. Marszałkowska-Krześ, E., & Gil, I. (2017). Practical use of the protocol of factual state prepared by a judicial enforcement officer. Przegląd Prawa Egzekucyjnego, No. 12. Retrieved from: [https://czytelnia.currenda.pl/app-publikacja?id=55](https://czytelnia.currenda.pl/app-publikacja?id=55) (Accessed: 20.06.2025). [In Polish].
9. Rudkowska-Ząbczyk, E. (Ed.). (2015). Evidence and evidentiary proceedings in civil cases: Practical commentary with case law, templates of judicial acts and procedural documents. Warsaw: C. H. Beck Publishing, “Prawo Sądowe” Series, XIX + 1050 p. [In Polish].
10. Sitkowski, M. (2019). The protocol of factual state as a means of securing evidence in judicial proceedings. Analysis of the institution under the new Act on Judicial Enforcement Officers. University of Wrocław. DOI: 10.34616/23.19.023. Retrieved from: [https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/95711/PDF/01_M_Sitkowski_Protok...(https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/95711/PDF/01_M_Sitkowski_Protok...) (Accessed: 20.06.2025). [In Polish].
11. Law of 22 March 2018 on Judicial Enforcement Officers (Journal of Laws 2018, item 771). Retrieved from: [https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20180000771/T/D2018077...(https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20180000771/T/D2018077...) (Accessed: 20.06.2025). [In Polish].
12. Law of 29 August 1997 on Judicial Enforcement Officers and Enforcement Proceedings (Journal of Laws 1997 No. 133, item 882). Retrieved from: [https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19971330882/U/D1997088...(https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19971330882/U/D1997088...) (Accessed: 20.06.2025). [In Polish].