formal logic

For the first time, the work “Critical Remarks on Positivist Logic” by the famous Polish philosopher Roman Ingarden (1893–1970), whose researches in the field of ontology, phenomenology and aesthetics have significant achievements in the world philosophy, is translated into the Ukrainian. In addition, he conducted research in such areas as linguistics and logic. But these, so to speak, applied studies of language and logic were, in one way or another, connected with his ontological and realistic-phenomenological views.

The rules of logic that govern the achievement of truth and mutual understanding between people are closely linked to the rule of law. The science of logic, from the beginning of creation, has always tried to organize communication in order to avoid chaos and disorder in the statements that are the basis of universal culture. The rules of law as a regulatory component ensure order in society, serve as a measure of freedom and justice.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the formation of the theory of
reasoning in the context of the changes in philosophical knowledge in the second half of the
twentieth century. The main directions of the theory that have had the greatest influence on
the formation of the theory of argumentation, in particular, the neorortex of H. Perelman and
S. Tulmin, the pragma-dialectics of Ehmeren and Grootendorst, are analyzed. Characterized
by the main problems posed by the theory of reasoning: the interaction of the speaker and the