damage–plasticity model

The paper presents a review of damage models for reinforced concrete (RC) structures, analyzing their theoretical foundations, advantages, limitations, and fields of application. Four key models are considered: Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM), damage–plasticity models (CDP), microplane models, and fatigue/accumulative damage models. Their performance is compared based on such criteria as the ability to describe stiffness degradation, universality of application, computational complexity, and prediction accuracy.