FORTIFICATION ARCHITECTURE OF GALICIA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY: GENERAL EUROPEAN CONTEXT, OBJECTIVES OF PRESERVATION, AND MUSEUM

The concept of "military architecture", unfortunately, has not yet been established in the domestic theory and history of architecture. Outlining a set of methodological problems associated with the formation, we consider it appropriate to propose to study several previous tasks: a) to develop a special approach to the formation of its theoretical and conceptual apparatus as a basis for the development of this area in domestic architectural science; b) to publish a dictionary of fortification architecture of Ukraine by collective efforts; c) to create a public scientific-advisory body that would perform coordination functions on the research of military architecture. This body or organization should be a liaison between ministries, state reserves, universities, state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage, and public organizations. The purpose of our publication is related to the first task. In line with the formation of the conceptual apparatus, we want to outline some key theoretical provisions on the defense architecture of the nineteenth century. According to the results of our research, we propose to conditionally divide the so-called "negative militarism" of the industrial period (ie, actually the nineteenth century and later) and "positive militarism" of the pre-industrial time. It is also proposed to expand the concept of "object of military architecture", including objects of administrative, service and other infrastructure. The results of our research indicate that the fortifications of Galicia in the mid-nineteenth century were in fact the only full expression of the movement of modernization of Venetian-Renaissance objects in Austrian military architecture. Thus, the objects of military architecture of Galicia (Lviv, Krakow, Przemyśl, Mykolayiv-Rozvadiv, Zalishchyky, etc.) occupy an exceptional position in the history of both Austrian and European architectural heritage.