This article is devoted to the theoretical study of the plasmonic properties of periodically arranged arrays of gold nanoparticles. The Comsol Multiphysics software, which is based on the finite element method, was used to build 3D numerical models for the simulation and conduct research. In this work the electric field distribution and optical characteristics of the spherical gold nanoparticles array were studied. Individual localized surface plasmon resonance modes are influenced when metallic nanoparticles are in the close proximity and as a result the electric near- fields can couple, resulting in a new hybrid mode. We mainly focused here on the investigation of two crucial questions, particularly, influences of the gap between the nanoparticles and the refractive index of the surrounding medium on the resulting optical response of the gold nanoparticles arrays. The array of periodically arragement gold nanoparticles is characterized by an enhanced local electric field between the nanoparticles, which is inversely proportional to the gap between the particles. The field strength and optical properties (reflection, transmission, and absorption) can be conveniently manipulated by changing the gap between particles. In additional, their potential applications as sensetive plasmonic sensors element have been considered. The studied structure has a significant potential for practical applications due to its wide range of the operating wavelengths and ease of the high-throughput fabrication. In the course of the study, it was established that the change in the distance between the surface of nanoparticles by 1 nm leads to a significant shift in the spectral transmission and reflection curves on the spectral range. In addition, these studies showed that an increase in the distance between the surfaces of nanoparticles leads to the decrease in the near-field interaction between gold nanoparticles in the array. Therefore, the obtained results can be successfully used in the manufacture of highly sensitive plasmon sensors with the possibility of controlling the sensitivity and the working spectral range.
[1] Coviello, V., Forrer, D., & Amendola, V. “Recent developments in plasmonic alloy nanoparticles: synthesis, modelling, properties and applications” in ChemPhysChem, Vol. 23, no 21, pp. e202200136, 2022,
DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200136.
[2] Yesudasu, V., Pradhan, H. S., & Pandya, R. J. “Recent progress in surface plasmon resonance-based sensors: A comprehensive review”. In Heliyon, Vol. 7, no 3, pp. e06321, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06321.
[3] Dey, D., & Schatz, G. C. “Plasmonic surface lattice resonances in nanoparticle arrays” In MRS Bulletin, pp. 1-10, 2024, DOI: 10.1557/s43577-023-00629-x.
[4] Lee, S., Sim, K., Moon, S. Y., Choi, J., Jeon, Y., Nam, J. M., & Park, S. J. “Controlled assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles: from static to dynamic nanostructures” in Advanced Materials, Vol. 33, no 46, pp. 2007668, 2021, DOI:10.1002/adma.202007668.
[5] Jeong, H. H., Adams, M. C., Günther, J. P., Alarcón-Correa, M., Kim, I., Choi, E., ... & Fischer, P. “ Arrays of plasmonic nanoparticle dimers with defined nanogap spacers”, In ACS nano, Vol.13, no 10, pp. 11453-11459, 2019, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04938.
[6] Yu, H., Peng, Y., Yang, Y., & Li, Z. Y. “Plasmon-enhanced light–matter interactions and applications”, In npj Computational Materials, Vol.5, no 1, p.45, 2019, DOI: 10.1038/s41524-019-0184-1.
[7] Alzoubi, F. Y., Ahmad, A. A., Aljarrah, I. A., Migdadi, A. B., & Al-Bataineh, Q. M. “Localize surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles using Mie theory” In Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol.34, no 32, pp.2128, 2023, DOI: 10.1007/s10854-023-11304-x.
[8] Akbari-Moghanjoughi, M. “Photo-plasmonic effect as the hot electron generation mechanism” In Scientific Reports, Vol.13, no 1, pp.589, 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27775-1.
[9] Tang, H., Chen, C. J., Huang, Z., Bright, J., Meng, G., Liu, R. S., & Wu, N. “Plasmonic hot electrons for sensing, photodetection, and solar energy applications: A perspective”, In the Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol.152, no 22, pp. 220901, 2020, DOI: 0.1063/5.0005334.
[10] Gargiulo, J., Berté, R., Li, Y., Maier, S. A., & Cortés, E. “From optical to chemical hot spots in plasmonics” In Accounts of chemical research, Vol.52, no 9, pp. 2525-2535, 2019, DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00234.
[11] Kumar, R., Agarwal, S., Pal, S., Prajapati, Y. K., & Saini, J. P. “Enhanced refractive index sensing using a surface plasmon resonance sensor with heterostructure”, In Micro and Nanostructures, Vol. 183, pp. 207656, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.micrna.2023.207656.
[12] Huo, Z., Li, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, W., Yang, X., & Yang, X. “Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance imaging and biological applications” In Talanta, Vol. 255, pp.124213, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.micrna.2023.207656.
[13] Philip, A., & Kumar, A. R. “The performance enhancement of surface plasmon resonance optical sensors using nanomaterials: A review”, In Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 458, pp. 214424, 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214424.
[14] Patil, T., Gambhir, R., Vibhute, A., & Tiwari, A. P. “Gold nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, functionalization and biological applications” In Journal of Cluster Science, Vol. 34, no 2, pp. 705-725, 2023, DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02287-6.
[15] Fitio, V., Yaremchuk, I., Vernyhor, O., & Bobitski, Y. “Resonance of surface-localized plasmons in a system of periodically arranged gold and silver nanowires on a dielectric substrate”, In Applied Nanoscience, Vol. 8, pp.1015-1024, 2018, DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0686-z.
[16] Sabat, L., & Kundu, C. K. “History of finite element method: a review”, In Recent Developments in Sustainable Infrastructure: Select Proceedings of ICRDSI 2019, pp. 395-404, 2020, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4577-1_32.