The article presents a new classifier of types of diversity (version redundancy) for information and control systems (ICS) of nuclear power plants, which significantly complements the well-known classifier according to the NUREG-7007 standard by adding subtypes of diversity, taking into account production processes and the capabilities of FPGA technologies. A method of expert evaluation of diversion metrics and the cost of implementing alternative architectural solutions at the ICS NPP based on the extended NUREG-7007 classifier is proposed. Taking into account the complexity of formalizing the concepts of divergence and value in critical systems, an adapted graph model of the classifier was proposed, which makes it possible to evaluate both individual branches (subsets of types of divergence) and complete multi-paths (for a set of subsets of types of version redundancy) of implementation. A survey of experts was conducted using the developed scale of normalized grades, the obtained data were processed taking into account ranking, normalization and correction by weight of the level. The principles of estimating cost and diversion metrics are proposed. Based on the new classifier, a method has been developed that helps detect (select) configurations with an optimal ratio of «cost/diversity», supporting engineering solutions in the early stages of design. The results can be used to build automated tools for selecting architectures of multi-version control systems for nuclear power, aviation and critical infrastructure security.
- M. A. Yastrebenetsky and V. S. Kharchenko, Cyber Security and Safety of Nuclear Power Plant Instrumen- tation and Control Systems. IGI Glob., 2020. [Online].Available: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3277-5
- I. Malynyak, “Functional diversity design of safety- related systems,” The Educational Review, USA, vol. 2, no. 1, Jan. 2018. Accessed: Nov. 17, 2025. [Online].Available: https://doi.org/10.26855/er.2018.01.004
- M. Kolisnyk, I. Piskachova, and V. Kharchenko, “The method of diversity-based ensuring the reliability of the router in the iiot system,” International Journal of Computing, pp. 324–332, Oct. 2024. Accessed: Nov. 17, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.23.3.3651
- O. Illiashenko, V. Kharchenko, L. Kor, A. Panarin, and V. Sklyar, “Hardware diversity and modified 7007 NUREG/CRbased assessment of NPP I&C safety,” in 2017 9th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS), Bucharest, Sep. 21–23, 2017. IEEE, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2017.8095218
- V. V. Frolov, “ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES PROVIDING SECURITY OF CLOUD SEVICES,” Radioelectronic and Computer Systems, no. 1, pp. 70–82, Jan. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.32620/reks.2020.1.07
- U. S. N. R. Commission, “Diversity strategies for nuclear power plant instrumentation and control systems,” Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, 2010.
- H. W. Jones, “Common cause failures dominate and defeat redundancy,” in 2025 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS), Destin, FL, USA, Jan. 27–30, 2025. IEEE, 2025, pp. 1–5. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/rams48127.2025.10935209
- V. Kharchenko, “Diversity for safety and security of embedded and cyber physical systems: Fundamentals review and industrial cases,” in 2016 15th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conference (BEC), Tallinn, Estonia, Oct. 3– 5, 2016. IEEE, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/bec.2016.7743719
- S. Jha et al., “Exploiting temporal data diversity for detecting safety-critical faults in AV compute systems,” in 2022 52nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), Baltimore, MD, USA, Jun. 27–30, 2022. IEEE, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/dsn53405.2022.00021
- V. Kharchenko, Y. Ponochovnyi, I. Babeshko, E. Ruch- kov, and A. Panarin, “Safety assessment of maintained control systems with cascade two-version 2oo3/1oo2 structures considering version faults,” in Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Cham: Springer Nat. Switz., 2023, pp. 119–129. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37720-4_11
- J. R. Belland, “Modeling common cause failures in diverse components with fault tree applications,” in 2017 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS), Orlando, FL, Jan. 23–26, 2017. IEEE, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ram.2017.7889659
- V. Frolov, O. Frolov, and V. Kharchenko, Classification of Diversity for Dependable and Safe Computing. Germany: Nat. Aerosp. Univ. named after N. Y. Zhukovsky "KhAI", 2019. [Online]. Available: https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/9ntxfqq
- H. Singh, B. Weng, S. J. Rao, and D. Elsasser, “A diver- sity analysis of safety metrics comparing vehicle perfor- mance in the lead-vehicle interaction regime,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 1–18, 2023. Accessed: Nov. 17, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3290261
- M. Kolisnyk, I. Piskachova, and V. Kharchenko, “Relia- bility models of diverse majority-redundant systems with threshold adaptation,” in 2024 14th International Conference on Dependable Systems, Services and Technologies (DESSERT), Athens, Greece, Oct. 11–13, 2024. IEEE, 2024, pp. 1–7. Accessed: Nov. 17, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/dessert65323.2024.111 22217