Researching the problematic aspects of realizing the constitutional right to liberty and personal inviolability under martial law is a pressing issue. This article addresses the problem of legal regulation and the practical application of coercive measures, such as the detention of an individual by an authorized official without an order from an investigative judge or court. Given the expanded scope of entities endowed with relevant powers and the specific grounds for detention provided by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine for the special period, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of the subject composition and an assessment of the effectiveness of existing control mechanisms, which are designed to prevent potential abuses and human rights violations. This issue gains particular importance in the context of the need to maintain a balance between the demands of national security and the inviolability of fundamental legal guarantees, which is a hallmark of a rule-of-law state even in the most challenging times. The article substantiates the necessity of a detailed analysis of regulatory acts that define the list of authorized officials and examines the effectiveness of the control system, which includes judicial, prosecutorial, and departmental oversight. General scientific and special methods for understanding legal phenomena were chosen as research methods. In particular, the dialectical method was applied to analyze the institution of detention in its development and interconnectedness with other legal institutions. The formal-legal method allowed for the interpretation of current legislation governing the grounds and procedure for detention. The systemic-structural method was used to determine the place of each authorized subject within the overall system of law enforcement and military bodies, while the comparative-legal method was used to compare national legislation with international human rights standards. The article analyzes an exhaustive list of entities empowered to detain individuals without a court order under martial law, including employees of the National Police, National Guard, Security Service of Ukraine, State Bureau of Investigation, National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, and other law enforcement agencies. The author believes that granting such powers to a wide range of entities is a forced step dictated by the needs of state defense; however, it simultaneously increases the risks of violating citizens' rights and requires enhanced attention to control mechanisms. The evolution of legislative regulation is discussed in detail, particularly regarding the terms of detention and the powers of the investigative judge, and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the positions of the Supreme Court regarding the protection of the right to liberty are also analyzed. The paper concludes that despite positive legislative changes aimed at strengthening guarantees for the rights of detainees, the effectiveness of control mechanisms remains dependent on a number of practical factors. Special attention is paid to the concepts of "authorized official," "judicial control," and "prosecutorial oversight" under martial law. The expediency of further improving both legislation and law enforcement practice has been established. The author offers personal proposals for improvement, which include increasing the transparency of actions of authorized persons, introducing clear interdepartmental instructions for patrols, improving the technical and organizational support for remote judicial control, and strengthening the role of the free legal aid institution for detained persons.
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