The possibilities of the galvanic replacement method in the formation of a metallic nanostructured surface for electrocatalytic processes are revealed. Based on the electrochemical mechanism of the process and taking into account the type of substrate, the following directions of application of this method are presented: metal surface modification and synthesis of metallic nanostructures. The main methods of preparation of electrocatalysts based on nanostructured metal systems obtained by galvanic replacement are: 1) substitution directly on the metal surface of the electrode; 2) fixation to the electrode surface of pre-synthesized nanostructures. The peculiarities of modification of copper, silver and nickel surfaces with catalytically active metals are considered: Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Ir. It was established that the application of a metal or bimetallic nanostructured to a metal surface leads to the formation of a metal / lining system, which is characterized by new functional properties. The conditions of galvanic replacement can be regulated by the dimension and morphology of the metal sediment and, accordingly, the electrocatalytic properties of the electrodes on their basis.
It is shown that the method of galvanic replacement as a controlled synthesis of mono- and bimetal nanomaterials is most studied for Ag/Pt, Cu/Pt, Cu/Au, Cu/Pd, Ni/Pd, Ni/Pt, Сo/Pt systems. A template for the synthesis of nanostructures is predominantly stabilized nanocubes of copper, silver, nickel, and copper nanowires. In this case, galvanic replacement produce hollow nanostructures and core@shell type structures.
Among the successes in the direction of surface modification, the efficiency of deposition of nanostructured metals by galvanic replacement in the environment of organic aprotic solvents and ionic liquids has been demonstrated. The role of the medium in the controlled formation of the geometry of the metal sediment particles and the efficiency of the electro-catalytic reactions is noted.
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