Europe

The article examines the participation of the United States and European countries in assisting Ukraine in countering full-scale Russian aggression. By the end of 2024, the total contribution of the United States and European countries to military support for Kyiv was approximately equal. At the same time, Washington's actions served as a stimulus and set the limits of acceptable risk for Ukraine's European partners in their relations with Moscow.

Based on the analysis of information sources on business scaling, enterprises were categorized by size and, in turn, by the type of activity of the enterprise. Initially, we analyzed information on Ukraine's cooperation with other countries. The analysis of statistics allows you to identify the countries that show the greatest demand for the products or services that your company produces.

The chronology of formation and development of technical education in Europe is considered. The chronology of the establishment of higher technical educational institutions in Ukraine is presented.

The spatial structure of geomagnetic field secular variations in Europe was examined. Using the data of geomagnetic observatories the new maps of this secular variation (SV) for X, Y, Z, D – components for 5-years intervals 1995-2000 and 2000-2005 were constructed. Their comparison with the IGRM global geomagnetic models was done. The global anomalies – SV-focuses in the structure of the secular variations in Europe were discovered and their kinematics was studied.

The article is dedicated to analysing institution-based reasons and background of minority governments’ formation in the European parliamentary democracies. The researcher has found that the institutional conditionality of minority governments in parliamentary democracies is quite versatile, but is mostly defined with problems of political stability and political culture.

Changes which occur in the process of providing services, related to the development of Internet channel of distribution influence the functioning of market of e-services, including consumption of services. Using services on the Internet may be considered innovative (compared to using traditional services) and necessary in the era of post-industrial society. Currently, many consumers use e-services, young consumers in particular.