conductivity

Conductivity measurement is a universal method of process control. Measurement is fast and straightforward, and most modern sensors only require little maintenance. The measured conductivity value is applied to obtain different assumptions about what happens in the substance, so such measurements are relevant when controlling technological processes and products in various industries (e.g., food, pharmaceutical). The main metrological characteristics of sensors for measuring conductivity LDL100, LDL200 are analyzed in the article.

A method and results of determination of geoelectric parameters of mantle of Earth is expounded on territory between 520 and 47.50с.ш., 210 and 310в.д. on the basis of unidimensional inversion of the generalized crooked soundings. The generalized curves are built by the coarticulation of the crooked deep magnitotteluric soundings in the items of area with by the curves of the магнитовариационного sounding, got with the use of quiet daily sun-allowance variations and Dst- of variations on the geomagnetical observatories of Kiev and Lviv.  

The results of one-dimensional inversion of generalized curves of magneto-telluric and magneto-variational soundings in south-western region of the East European platform are shown. Existence of a conductive layer at depths exceeding 600 km is confirmed in large parts of Ukraine and Belarus. The resistance of upper mantle within the territory of Belarus at depths of 250-400 km is about 2 times lesser than in Ukraine, and is about 20 Ohmm in Belarus and 50 Ohmm in Ukraine. 

Synthesis of poly(o-anisidine) with and without acrylic acid doping is carried out by chemical oxidative polymerization method. This is a new polymerization method for the direct synthesis of the emeraldine salt of poly(o-anisidine), i.e. it is directly soluble in known organic solvent such as m-cresol, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), DMSO, DMF, etc. without the need for a conversion of salt phase to base form.

The new conducting polymer hydrogels on the basis of co-polymers of hydroxyethylenemethacrylate and polyvinylpyrrolidone with different nature non-organic fillers have been developed. The dependence of obtained materials electric characteristics on synthesis conditions, quantity and nature of powder filler, moisture content, ambient temperature and magnetic field action have been determined.

Polydiphenylamine (PDPA) doped with acrylic acid was synthesized by oxidative chemical polymerization. This is a new chemical polymerization method developed for the direct synthesis of emeraldine salt form of polydiphenylamine which exhibits remarkably improved solubility in a common organic solvent. These polymers have been characterized by the physical techniques such as UV-visible, FTIR, XRD and conductivity measurement. The results are discussed with reference to the H2SO4 doped polydiphenylamine.

Inherently conducting polymer polyaniline (Pani) has been synthesized by a novel interfacial polymerization technique using trichloroethane as organic media. Ammonium peroxydisulphate was used as an oxidizing agent dissolved in aqueous media. The synthesized polymer was subjected to the physico-chemical characterization by UV-Vis and FT-IR Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. From the SEM Micrographs it was observed that interfacial polymerization offers the fibrillar type of morphology having 200 nm sized fibers.

Poly(o-toluidine) doped with acrylic acid and without it was synthesized by using chemical oxidative polymerization technique. With the help of this method the polymer, poly(o-toluidine) was synthesized in the form of emeraldine salt. The oxidizing agent used for this method is the ammonium persulphate .The polymer products were characterized by UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy. The polymer, poly(o-toluidine) doped with acrylic acid was highly soluble in common organic solvents like m-cresol, NMP, DMF etc.

Influence of complex compounds of nickel (II), copper (II) and zinc (II) with nitrogen containing ligands on conductivity of bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) was studied. The role of conditions (pH, metal and ligand concentration) on complex formation and interaction with BLMs was evaluated. Composition and form of complex ions in solution which maximally change conductivity have been calculated.

Emeraldin salt of polyaniline was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method; this salt is soluble in common organic solvents. The obtained results are discussed with reference to lactic acid doped polyaniline. It has been observed that acrylic acid doped polyaniline is comparatively more soluble than polyaniline doped with lactic acid in common organic solvent such as m-cresol, NMP (N-methyl pyrrolidinone), DMSO, DMF, etc. The acrylic acid doped polymer prepared using lactic acid is comparatively more soluble in m-cresol and NMP than the polyaniline without acrylic acid.