thermodynamics

The process of paraffin formation has been considered, including the peculiarities of the paraffin structure as a result of phase transitions with a decreasing temperature. Mathematical models for thermodynamic and kinetic calculations of the "solid-liquid" system phase equilibrium have been developed. To shift the "fuel oil-paraffin" balance towards the liquid, it is necessary to reduce the activity ratio of solid and liquid phases by introducing into the system a substance with a lower solubility parameter.

The application of thermodynamic analysis for studying the equilibrium of chemical reactions between components of architectural monuments made of stone and air components of large cities is considered. In order to evaluate the possibility of a chemical reaction, it is necessary to calculate the change in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy. The heat effect of the reaction (change of the en-thalpea) and the change of entropy have a secondary value for the course of such reactions. The proven values ​​of ΔCр  allow us to verify the correctness of the calculations ΔН0Т and ΔS0Т.

Perspectives of the creating of the new physical models concerning the structure of the Earth, their evolution and methodology of the structure classification and parameter measuring of the Earth’s physical fields are analyzed. It is pointed out that investigation of the deep structure, composition and geodynamics of the continental and oceanic lithosphere gives the possibility to distinguish the system connected with global processes of Earth’s development (rifts, uncompensated deeps, continents, oceans). 

In this article the concept which allows to investigate the behavior of open (biological) systems by using the laws of unbalanced (classical) thermodinamics is examined. The second law of thermodynamics is applicable to open systems as well, provided that only in case of considering the whole system (continuum) “open system–environment” the total entropy will always increase.