bias

Non-response in a survey refers to the absence of data from selected participants who fail to provide information for various reasons.

In the framework of sampling theory, a factor-type exponential ratio estimator is proposed for the estimation of the population mean.  The estimator takes into account a spectrum of alpha values (constants) spanning $-1$ to $+1$ when analysing supplementary information for the study variable.  The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the suggested estimators by deriving bias and mean square error equations up to the first degree of large sample approximation.  The analysis shows that the proposed estimators perform better than the existing exponential estimators take