castles

The article explores the evolution of defensive fortifications in small towns of Volyn, using the examples of Dubno and Kremenets. It analyzes the transition from wooden fortifications to masonry bastion systems, influenced by changes in military strategy, construction technologies, and the political situation in the region. Significant attention is given to urban planning features, the role of fortifications in shaping city structures, and their adaptation to the natural landscape.

Ancient maps remain understudied documents that contain specific spatial information about the state of the mapped territory. One such document is Rudolf Ritter von Otto's 1772 map, specifically its sheet (Litt: I. No: 9), which depicts the city of Lviv and its surroundings. This map has served and will continue to serve as an object of interdisciplinary research by historians, geographers, architects, and urban planners.

The article reveals the main approaches to the solution of pre-gate drawbridges of defensive structures of the period of the 16th - 19th centuries; explains the mechanisms of their functioning; demonstrates examples of their implementation, which are recorded in historical sources and preserved monuments; analyzes the state of preservation and the possibilities of obtaining information about the existence of drawbridges at the entrance junctions of defensive structures in the western regions of Ukraine.

In this article the authors touch on the methods of fortifications of the cities of
Eastern Podillya - the least studied region of Ukraine. Components of long-term urban
fortifications are considered as a single system of so-called urban defense complexes.
Mandatory components of this system are a defensive castle and fortifications of the
middletowns, which are recorded on the maps of military cartographers of the 17th-18th
centuries. With this in mind, the authors clarify in the article the strategic importance of

This article describes the nature and fortification structure of downtowns in the cities of Kyiv region in the 17th - late 18th centuries. Geometric and proportional properties of strengthening downtowns are determined. Stages of formation and features of changes in the fortifications of the downtown and castles during the 17th-18th centuries in the cities of Kyiv region are revealed.

The article analyzes the process of archaeological research locks and locks’site Carpathians and Volyn. It was shown the growth of public interest in the preservation and restoration of castles of Western Ukraine. The modern typology attractions. Defined stages of the castle archaeology Ukraine.