fortifications

The article explores the evolution of defensive fortifications in small towns of Volyn, using the examples of Dubno and Kremenets. It analyzes the transition from wooden fortifications to masonry bastion systems, influenced by changes in military strategy, construction technologies, and the political situation in the region. Significant attention is given to urban planning features, the role of fortifications in shaping city structures, and their adaptation to the natural landscape.

The object of study is the complex of the Carmelite monastery with the Church of St. Leonard in Lviv. Construction of the complex began in the first half of the 17th century (from 1624) according to the design of Italian architect Ambrose Prikhilny. From the very beginning, the monastery was surrounded by fortifications. The complex was located in the Galician suburbs and was supposed to be a key element of the city's defense system on the southern side.

The subject of the study is the preservation and use of defensive towers of the Old City of Kamianets-Podilskyi. Most of the defense towers are on the balance sheet of the National Historical and Architectural Preserve «Kamyanets» and are included in the tourist infrastructure of the city. The location of some of them in hard-to-reach places makes it difficult for tourists to see and visit, which requires finding new approaches to their revalorization.

Today Vasyuchyn is a small village with about one thousand inhabitants. The settlement had urban status and was one of the famous craft centers in the past. There was a quarry here, where high-quality natural alabaster stone was mined and processed. Vasyuchyn alabaster had a snow-white color and was famous as a beautiful material for decorating walls, carving sculptures, tombstones and decorative architectural details.

Complexes of urban fortifications are the basis for analyzing historical development of a settlement and developing urban planning documentation. Therefore, in 2014, as part of the publication “Atlas of Ukrainian Historic Towns, Volume1: Lviv”, the authors of the present article published a scheme-reconstruction of the localization of Lviv's historical defensive buildings based on a modern topographic basis. The format of the Atlas did not provide for a full justification of the work done.

Lviv is one of the cities in Ukraine that had a highly developed system of medieval fortifications. This system of fortifications was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, modernized many times and served until the 18th century. However, today in Lviv, only small remains of the medieval fortifications of the city center have been preserved in the form of architectural objects - several fragments of the defensive wall and only one defensive tower, which was rebuilt into a tower in the 16th century. These preserved objects belong to the so-called High defensive wall.

This article informs for the first time that in the second half of the 16th century, a citizen of the city of Ternopil, Jan Bąk (“Jan Bonk” in English transcription), was employed by Mikołaj Sieniawski as the architect of Medzhybizh Castle (now in Khmelnytskyi region, Ukraine). The notice of this fact was found by the author in the first volume of the manuscript “Płac prawnych prac” (“A place for legal searches” – from Polish).

The subject of this article is the signs of integrated development and the reasons for periodic success of historical cities of Ukraine. Downtowns from different settlements in size and function was included in this article: Chernihiv, Lyubech, Baturyn, Romny, Chyhyryn, Motovylivka, Nizhyn. They testify that the tradition of integral development of the center of historical cities of Ukraine is ancient. City self-government and tycoons in different ways took care of safety, production and trade infrastructure, qualitatively improved the public space of market squares.

In this article we find out the historical value of town-building heritage on the territory of historic core of town Kalush, we also proved the hypothesis concerning the location of lost objects situated in the historic downtown, in this research we identify fragments of preserved elements of shape and planning city structure dated XV-XVIII century. While research process it was made the scheme including theoretical planning of the historic fortress of town Kalush for the period of XVII-XVIII century, this work was based on field surveys and collected source base.

The article analyzes the plan of the city of Lviv by Jean Doetsch from 1770 - one of the first cartographic sources to the history of the city. The significance of the plan for the scientific reconstruction of the state of the architectural and town-planning structures of the city for the second half of the 18th century is revealed. The hypothesis that the map was made for educational and military purposes is substantiated.