охорона культурної спадщини

Archaeological sites are non-renewable resources of global significance, containing material evidence of the past. International documents and charters have played a crucial role in shaping the principles of archaeological heritage preservation. This study examines the theoretical foundations of archaeological site conservation as outlined in international documents and charters from the 20th and 21st centuries, which contribute to the evolving ethics of interventions in archaeological sites.

The article analyzes the process of forming a complex system of architectural heritage protection in Italy and the evolution of the legal system in the field of cultural heritage preservation. The analysis clarifies the condition of heritage preservation in Italy, allows to trace some trends in its development and follow their successful experience. The issue of the protection and usage of architectural monuments and the analysis of international experience in the field of cultural heritage preservation have not been studied enough in Ukrainian scientific works.

The article opens a series of thematic publications, which should outline the current state of preservation and destruction of historically important objects of cultural heritage - fortifications. Based on field studies of fortresses and available digital materials, the author derives a cause-and-effect algorithm for the destruction of 11 selected research objects. The description of the state of preservation includes a general description of the territory and objects of fortification, the identified losses.

Authenticity is one of the fundamental elements of cultural heritage, showing or designed to show that cultural heritage is undoubtedly authentic, that it can represent the “true” past, embody “reliable” facts, etc. In the European concept of cultural heritage protection, two opposing paradigms of authenticity are presented: historical matter and historical image.