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The article explores the evolution of defensive fortifications in small towns of Volyn, using the examples of Dubno and Kremenets. It analyzes the transition from wooden fortifications to masonry bastion systems, influenced by changes in military strategy, construction technologies, and the political situation in the region. Significant attention is given to urban planning features, the role of fortifications in shaping city structures, and their adaptation to the natural landscape.

The object of study is the complex of the Carmelite monastery with the Church of St. Leonard in Lviv. Construction of the complex began in the first half of the 17th century (from 1624) according to the design of Italian architect Ambrose Prikhilny. From the very beginning, the monastery was surrounded by fortifications. The complex was located in the Galician suburbs and was supposed to be a key element of the city's defense system on the southern side.

Lviv is one of the cities in Ukraine that had a highly developed system of medieval fortifications. This system of fortifications was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, modernized many times and served until the 18th century. However, today in Lviv, only small remains of the medieval fortifications of the city center have been preserved in the form of architectural objects - several fragments of the defensive wall and only one defensive tower, which was rebuilt into a tower in the 16th century. These preserved objects belong to the so-called High defensive wall.

The article presents the results of the study of literary sources and natural surveys of the territory of the castle in Rohatyn carried out by the authors. As is well known, the city of Rohatyn of the Ivano-Frankivsk region is one of the oldest cities in Western Ukraine. As early as 1415, the city received the Magdeburg right, which gave potential for more intensive development of the settlement.

The authors of the article focus on the urban activities of the princes of Zbarazh of the senior branch. Special attention is paid to cities whose location and fortification are directly associated with representatives of the princely family. An attempt is made to find the principle that guided the Princes when choosing the city and choosing the method of fortifications.

The Ukrainian frontier lands have introduced the principles of early-modern European urbanism which primarily included a defense component in the 16th–17th centuries. The inventory papers and studies of that time indicate that the presence of defense structures around the settlements was determined by the city status, which gave privileges and responsibilities to defend and keep both the city and castle fortifications.