positioning

The article presents an extended analytical review of the current state, historical development, technical characteristics, experimental results, application areas, and prospects of low-cost GNSS receivers (LC GNSS). Single-frequency (SF-LC), dual-frequency (DF-LC), and multi-frequency (MF-LC) models are considered with an analysis of positioning accuracy, stability, multi-path effects, antenna, and software compatibility. The paper demonstrates advantages and limitations of LC GNSS receivers in geodesy, navigation, structural health monitoring, agriculture, and atmospheric studies.

In densely populated areas or indoors, the accuracy of GPS signals can be significantly reduced. This is because satellite signals can be obscured by buildings and reflected from them, which creates so- called multi-layer reflections. As a result, the system can incorrectly determine the position, which leads to a significant error. This creates serious problems for indoor navigation, especially if high accuracy is required. Alternative indoor navigation technologies are being actively developed to solve this problem.

 In the article the Geographic Information System (GIS) finding people through which a user of this service has the ability to find the person who is next to him on the map and start communication. An embodiment of a geographic information system finding people. Described opportunities instrumental GIS and client-server technology and geographic information systems zapoponovanyy algorithm finding people. The algorithm representation statement using markers, which are located on the map. The analysis GIS software client that can be used launch applications on remote servers or workplace.

The essence of the concept of "destinations"; proposed definition of "attractive tourist area" as a synonym for tourism destinations; reasonably content with the position of marketing tourism destinations; are prerequisites branding destinations; explained the feasibility of an integrated approach to the management and evaluation of branding tourist destinations; lists the prerequisites for positioning tourist destination; the method of evaluating the effectiveness of branding tourist destinations on the example Lviv.