Two Holocene impact craters at Emmerting, Germany: deformation, fracturing, and their relationships to the melting and decarbonization
In two craters near Emmerting, three major processes which variably affected the original pebbles are documented in the following order: 1. Deposition of hot material which solidified to glass (usually thin and transparent) or reacted with carbonate to form expanded “pumice” on the surface of pebbles. 2. Ductile deformation of variable intensity (with limited fragile deformation but intense fracturing of mineral grains), using older as well as newly formed discontinuities; in some cases this deformation is consistent with extreme strain, rendering a human-induced origin highly improbable.