fortification

The article presents the results of research carried out in the western areas of the modern city of Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk region (Ukraine), where the palanquin fortress of Novy Kodak was located during the 17th–18th centuries. The relevance of the study is determined by the intensive transformation of this territory, which today is occupied by a private low-rise residential sector and is actively affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors.

This article explores the architectural features of the High Castle in Lviv in comparison with European fortifications from different historical periods, spanning from the “motte and bailey” castles of the X–XII centuries to the Gothic strongholds of the XIII–XIV centuries and the Renaissance bastion systems of the XVI century. The study aims to identify both similarities and distinctions between the High Castle and its European counterparts by examining aspects such as the use of natural topography for defense, functional zoning, and material evolution in fortification architecture.

The article is devoted to a detailed review of the High Castle - one of the key historical monuments of the city of Lviv, which carries centuries-old history, cultural and historical traditions. Located on one of the highest hills of Lviv, the castle witnessed numerous historical events that took place on the territory of Ukraine and Europe. Its walls preserved the history of greatness and fall, cultural flourishing and war destruction.

The lost court of Franciszka Zhevuska on the Galician suburb of Lviv, located at the present-day 14-16 V. Vynnychenka Street, has been examined. This court is a classic example of suburb residences that were common on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the register of 1768, there were approximately 110 courts in the suburbs of Lviv, but none of them has not been preserved.

This article describes the nature and fortification structure of downtowns in the cities of Kyiv region in the 17th - late 18th centuries. Geometric and proportional properties of strengthening downtowns are determined. Stages of formation and features of changes in the fortifications of the downtown and castles during the 17th-18th centuries in the cities of Kyiv region are revealed.