defects

The article analyzes defects and damage in reinforced concrete structures, particularly physical, biological, and chemical, with an emphasis on the impact of prolonged operation and aggressive environmental conditions. Research shows that mechanical damage, such as spalling and potholes, significantly reduces the load-bearing capacity of structures and causes complex deformations.

In accordance with current conditions, it is necessary to change the aim of buildings and structures in which a large number of reinforced concrete elements that undergo complex stress-deformed states are used. The task for researchers is to determine the residual bearing capacity of the element with uneven damage, making it possible to choose the most optimal calculation option and select materials for optimization, preservation of strength, and durability.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets were functionalized via acid treatment to overcome the problem of agglomeration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the chemical modification of the nanocarbons while the general relationship between the chemical treatment and the defects population was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. The information regarding the mass loss and impurities is obtained from the thermogravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction showed the effect of acid treatment on the physical states of the nanocarbons including the crystalline texture.

Due to economic trends in the building industry, the investigation of the residual bearing capacity of reinforced concrete elements has been receiving more and more attention in recent years. Studying the effect of damage on the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete elements is one of the main themes of investigation in this field. Results of 4 reinforced concrete beams’ testing are proposed, one of which was the control one (tested without damages) and three- typically damaged in the compressed zone at different load levels.

Tendencies of sustainable development of transport, the use of alternative energy sources, and requirements to the reduction of the carbon footprint on all stages of life cycle on all levels of road transport have led to the increase of the share of the electric car both at the first registration and used vehicles. The appearance of a large amount of used modern electric cars on the market caused the necessity to develop the procedures of provision their technical operation both by requirements of rational use and provision of traffic safety.

The expounded method of impulsive expose of defect of power transformer at excitation in him of damped oscillations by the periodic impulses of constant voltage. On the size of change of parameters of these vibrations at exploitation of transformer it is possible to estimate the origin of defects by the periodic diagnosticating and comparison of defectograms with normograms and to forecast development of defects and define possibility of after exploitation of transformer without the necessity of permanent or capital repair.

In nowadays economic trends, there is a need in changes in the usage of buildings and structures. This usually leads to the changes loading and character of the loadings type on the building structures, with the subsequent need to assess the technical condition and the replacement or enhancement of certain elements. Also, objects, which need the reconstruction in order to be reequipped or changed it functionality, that have designs which were used under the influence of an aggressive environment or other factors which were not taken into account.

Every construction is influenced by different factors during operation. As a result, there are various defects and damage of these elements, which affects their operating condition. One of such defects is the corrosion of the working rebar. Investigation of samples with corrosion is a complicated and labor-intensive process. Instead of corrosive effects, we perform controlled valves of damaged. In this way, we obtained experimental samples with a fixed value of reducing the diameter of the valve.

The legal problems of legislation of Ukraine are analysed about social service. Examples of reiterations, blanks and contradictions are made in a legislation. The legal signs of different methods of systematization (to the account, incorporation, consolidation, codification) are considered. It is well-proven that consolidation is the most effective method of organization of legal recommendations and simplification of procedure of realization of right on social service.