The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the use and condition of decorative elements made of Roman cement in the architecture of Lviv from 1850 to 1914. The historical prerequisites for the widespread use of this material are examined. A review of key publications and studies is presented, highlighting the chemical and technological characteristics of Roman cement, problems in the synthesis of restoration binders, and techniques for removing molds from architectural ornamentation.
The aim of the study is to classify types of decorative elements made of Roman cement, assess their state of preservation, and analyze the factors of deterioration with a view to substantiating preventive and restoration measures. Using the neo‑Baroque façade of the Landau Palace (1908–1909) as an example, a damage assessment system was developed that allows differentiation between surface defects and structural damage. The main degradation mechanisms were identified: high porosity and rapid setting of the material, significant shrinkage and the formation of microcracks, which increase vulnerability to atmospheric influences.
The analysis showed that among external factors of deterioration, atmospheric effects and anthropogenic pollution stand out, as well as moisture entrapment caused by the use of inappropriate paints and repair mortars.
The necessity of using vapor‑permeable restoration mortars with modulus of elasticity and porosity parameters compatible with historical Roman cement is substantiated. The ideal solution is the use of modern Roman cement produced specifically for restoration works. A set of preventive measures is proposed, including regular professional cleaning of façades from soot and biological growth, water‑repellent treatment of vulnerable elements, monitoring the condition of drainage systems, and systematic assessment of building condition for planning restorations.
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