GLOBAL EXPERIENCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CLUSTERIZATION IN THE DIGITAL EPOCH: INTELLECTUAL AND PATENT ACTIVITIES WITHIN ECONOMIC SECTORS

2024;
: 59-74
Authors:
1
Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National University of Cherkasy

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to carry out a comparative analysis of economic results and innovative activity within the scientific and technological clusters of the world, to establish the relationship between the population density of a certain agglomeration and the productivity of its inventors, the effectiveness of researchers and business efficiency, to evaluate the impact of digital technologies on economic success science and technology cluster.

Design/methodology/approach – In the article, the author used the method of analysis to study the scientific literature that sheds light on the understanding of the phenomenon of the science and technology cluster, and the method of abstraction helped to separate the economic results of the activity of scientific and technological clusters from their environment. The formulation of conclusions regarding the patterns of development of modern world leaders among science and technology clusters was implemented using the methods of synthesis and generalization, and the comparison of researchers’ views on the priority of cluster activity in the economy was carried out using the method of comparison. The statistical method helped the author establish cause-and-effect relationships in the activity of science and technology clusters in the aspect of general development, and the graphic method provided visualization of the state of development of modern science and technology clusters in the world.

Findings – The modern cluster paradigm of economic development aims to promote the deepening of connections between capital markets and advanced ICT and digital technologies, the development of the knowledge economy and environmental sustainability of production, the social orientation of technologies, and obtaining synergistic effects from joint scientific and research developments. The Global Innovation Index 2023 proved the first place in the rating of the world’s science and technology clusters by the economic results of clusters in the Asian region, however, the rating of science and technology clusters by intensity (relative to population density) does not confirm a direct relationship between the population density in a certain territory or in a certain city and economic results cluster. The result of the research was the revealed fact that the field of scientific interests of inventors and researchers of clusters today is expanding as fast as the needs of people, and therefore patent activity can be traced in bio- and medical technologies, pharmaceuticals and optics, information, digital, computer and audiovisual technologies, which is fully justified in the era of digitization and informatization of both the economy and society.

Practical implications – The results of this research are of practical interest to everyone who is a direct participant in the science and technology cluster (scientists, economists, inventors,programmers, educators, officials, businessmen, etc.) and who is tangential to its activities, because they all get the opportunity to work on the principles mutual assistance for the sake of common goals, stimulated the development of local markets, scaled up their activities, promoted economic
growth.

Originality/value – The presented study covers both scientific and real economic results in terms of cluster activity of Japan, the Republic of Korea, the USA, China and other countries of the world, which allows focusing attention on the social behavior and mentality of the people of a certain country, economic and technological maturity, political will and institutional support contribute to the creation and development of science and technology clusters.   The author proposes priority directions for strengthening scientific and technological clustering in the developed countries of the world, outlines the expected results from their practical implementation and determines the prerequisites for the beginning of their implementation.

1. Kerr, W. R., & Robert-Nicoud, F. (2020). Tech Clusters. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34, 3, 50-76. Retrieved from https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.34.3.50 (assessed 2.06.2024). DOI
https://doi.org/10.3386/w27421
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.50 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.50
2. Mohannak, K. (2004). Innovation and Clustering among Information Technology Firms in Melbourne. Prometheus, 22, 1, 83-98. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/0810902032000194047 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1080/0810902032000194047
3. Moretti, E. (2021). The Effect of High-Tech Clusters on the Productivity of Top Inventors. American Economic Review, 111, 10, 3328-3375. Retrieved from https://eml.berkeley.edu/~moretti/clusters.pdf (assessed 12.05.2024). DOI https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191277. (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191277
4. Kichkoa, S., Liangb, W.-J., Maic, Ch.-Ch., Thissed, J.-F., & Wang P. (2024). The rise (and fall) of tech clusters. Papers in Regional Science, 103, 3, # 100022. Retrieved from https://1ll.ink/dIDtR (assessed 20.05.2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pirs.2024.100022
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pirs.2024.100022 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pirs.2024.100022
5. Sandoval Hamon, L.A., Ruiz Penalver, S. M., Thomas, E., Fitjar, R. D. (2024). From high-tech clusters to open innovation ecosystems: a systematic literature review of the relationship between science and technology parks and universities. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 49, 689-714. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09990-6 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09990-6
6. Mackiewicz, M., & Pavelkova, D. (2022). Clusters and innovation: the relationship between membership in clusters organisations and technological maturity of companies in Poland. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28, 6, 1854-1870. Retrieved from https://gc.vgtu.lt/index.php/TEDE/article/view/18005/11447 (assessed 27.05.2024). DOI https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.18005 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.18005
7. Slaper, T., & Ortuzar, G. (2015). Industry Clusters and Economic Development. Indiana Business Review, 90, 1, 7-9. Retrieved from https://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2015/spring/pdfs/article2.pdf (assessed 1.06.2024) (in English).
8. Jung, Y., Kim, E., & Kim, W. (2019). The scientific and technological interdisciplinary research of government research institutes: network analysis of the innovation cluster in South Korea. Policy Studies, 42, 2, 132-151. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1593343 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1593343
9. Tong, T., Zainudin, N. B., Yan, J., & Rahman, A. A. (2023). The Impact of Industry Clusters on the Performance of High Technology Small and Middle Size Enterprises. Sustainability, 15, 12, # 9333. DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129333 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129333
10. Casper, S. (2013). New-technology clusters and public policy: Three perspectives. Social Science Information, 52, 4, 628-652. DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018413501236 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018413501236
11. Abduvaliyev, A. A. (2022). Development Trend of Science and Technology Clusters in the World by the Global Ranking Innovation Index. Scientific and Technical Information Processing, 49, 4, 211-219. DOI
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0147688222040025
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0147688222040025 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0147688222040025
12. Botti, A., Parente, R., & Vesci, R. (Ed.). (2021). How to do business in digital era? A casebook. Salerno-Cracow: Cracow University of Economics. Retrieved from https://ted.uek.krakow.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Casebook- 31122021.pdf#page=38 (assessed 24.05.2024) (in English).
13. Magliocca, P. (Ed.) (2021). Doing business digitally. A textbook. Foggia-Cracow: Małopolska School of Public Administration, Cracow University of Economics. Retrieved from https://ted.uek.krakow.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Textbook-31122021.pdf (assessed 24.05.2024) (in English).
14. Kraus, N. M., & Kraus, K. M. (2019). Innovatsiinyi landshaft klastery n abazi inovatsiinogo khabu [Innovation landscape of the cluster based on the innovation hub]. Motor transport and infrastructure: materials of the II international science and practice conf. (April 11-13, 2019). Kyiv, 182-184 (in Ukrainian).
15. Kraus, N., Kraus, K., Babukh, I., Lisitsa, V., & Novikova, O. (2023). Activities of Digital Platforms on the Basis of Clusterization and Innovative Development Strategies in the Conditions of European Integration. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 19, #108, 1179-1195. Retrieved from https://wseas.com/journals/ead/2023/c205115-1122.pdf (assessed 2.06.2024). DOI https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.108 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.108
16. Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty (2023). 16th Edition by Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin, Lorena Rivera León and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Geneva: WIPO. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-... (assessed 29.05.2024) (in English).
17. Research and innovation clusters: Policy briefing (2020). UK: The Royal Society (in English).
18. Identifying and describing UK Innovation clusters: Analytical Report (2024). UK: Cambridge Econometrics, Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, № 001. 55 p. (in English).
19. Science and Technology Cluster Ranking 2023. Global Innovation Index 2023 (2023). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/science-technology-... (assessed 14.05.2024) (in English).
20. Zhang, L., Zhao, H., Liao, X., & Ji, Y. (2015). The construction of scientific and technological service platform in industrial clusters. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology (ICEMET 2015). Series: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Published by Atlantis Press, 302-307. DOI https://doi.org/10.2991/icemet-15.2015.65 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.2991/icemet-15.2015.65