uncertainty

The paper presents an integrated framework for dynamic routing of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in, uncertain, and rapidly changing environments. After reviewing classical deterministic, sampling complex -based, bio-inspired, machine learning, and hybrid path-planning methods, their limitations with respect to real-time replanning, energy efficiency, and scalability to multi-UAV missions are critically analysed.

Guaranteeing accurate accounting of consumed electricity is impossible without verification of working AC electric energy meters in the conditions of their serial production. Reference meters, which are part of the measuring systems for calibrating working meters, are the basis for ensuring metrological traceability of electric energy measurement. They must be regularly calibrated in accredited calibration laboratories (CLs) using national standards. CLs must systematically confirm their scope of accreditation, in particular, by participating in interlaboratory comparisons.

The study substantiates the necessity of evaluating measurement uncertainty in the context of product quality control. The evaluation of uncertainty in determining measurement accuracy provides an evidence-based approach to verifying whether the measured quality characteristic complies with established standards.

The process of transformation of approaches to the formation of strategic capabilities of enterprises in conditions of uncertainty of the external environment is studied. The prerequisites for the transformation of approaches are considered.

The article examines the theoretical aspects of enterprise risk, which is a consequence of the instability of the operating environment. Under financial risk, the authors propose to understand a situation in which the probability of the deterioration of the company's financial condition increases as a result of losses, additional financial costs or losses. The effect of financial risk is damage, loss or overspending of financial resources. It is emphasized that a feature of financial risk, compared to other types of risks, is the measurability of its manifestation and predictability.

The article addresses the issue of outliers in metrological measurements, which can significantly distort research results and affect measurement accuracy. Outliers that substantially differ from other data points in a sample seriously threaten the reliability of metrological processes. In previous studies, the Isolation Forest model was applied to detect such outliers, demonstrating its effectiveness under certain conditions.

The study on the effective radii of ultrasonic transducers for hydrophone calibration at the National State Primary Standard of the Unit of Ultrasonic Pressure in Water (NDETU AUV-02-2018) is presented and the appropriate method is described. The impact of the effective radius on measurement distance and diffraction loss coefficients is evaluated. The uncertainty calculation of the effective radius measurement of ultrasonic transducers is provided, and its influence on the accuracy of hydrophone calibration is assessed.

Interlaboratory comparisons (ILC) are used to evaluate and confirm measurements' accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility. ILCs are conducted for both testing and calibration laboratories (CL). They are comparing the results of measurements or calibrations obtained by different laboratories. The main stages of confirming the competence of laboratories include accreditation as the first step of such confirmation, as well as periodic participation in the ILCs.

Запропоновано швидкі алгоритми аналізу даних вимірювання на великих інтервалах часу та розв’язування систем нелінійних контурних рівнянь, які дали мож- ливість розв’язати задачі ідентифікації в умовах невизначеності. Наведено класи- фікацію та характеристику невизначеностей. Запропоновано алгоритми знаходження параметрів моделей та стану об’єктів в умовах невизначеності.

Проаналізовано головні типи невизначеностей, які з’являються під час розв’язання задач сценарного планування. Запропоновано для подолання невизначе- ностей в задачах сценарного планування визначати інформаційні ситуації та відповідно до інформаційних ситуацій та типів невизначеності системно використовувати методи аналізу та прийняття рішень.