Important functions of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept include facilitating everyday life, increasing work efficiency and quality, energy saving, and more. Increasingly, data from "things" are transmitted to public communication networks and cloud services. Any objects in the physical world that can be assigned IP addresses and are capable of transmitting data can act as "things" in such a network. Various technologies and protocols are used for data transmission, with more than twenty currently available. In the near future, a large number of devices will be connected to the Internet of Things. Most of these devices will be battery-operated. One of the main characteristics is the duration of equipment operation without human intervention. To address this issue, new networks were created specifically for the Internet of Things. These networks are called LPWAN. One of the key problems is selecting the optimal method of data transmission between nodes in the Internet of Things concept. After analyzing open sources, it can be concluded that the technologies NB-IoT, Weightless, LoRa, and SigFox are promising for this goal. The subject of the research in this article is the technologies and protocols for long-distance data transmission used for transmitting information from a sensor to a cloud service in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). The aim of the research is to review and compare the main technologies and protocols for long-distance data transmission in IoT networks. A comparative analysis of the main characteristics of long-distance data transmission protocols and LPWAN network technologies: NB-IoT, Weightless, LoRa, and SigFox, was conducted. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of a table. Experimental results have shown that the efficiency of the considered protocols and technologies depends on various communication network conditions. Currently, the choice of protocols for devices, depending on operating conditions, helps address the issue of resource savings, such as energy consumption, and ensures reliable data delivery. This is particularly important due to the spread of Internet of Things technology and the increasing number of connected devices.
[1] Aleksander M., Korchenko O., Karpinski M., Odarchenko R., Vulnerability investigation for Internet of things sensor subnetworks architecture for different types of attacks, Ukrainian Scientific Journal of Information Security, 2016, vol. 22, issue 1, p. 1219. URL: https://er.nau.edu.ua/bitstream/NAU/36403/1/10448-26997-1-SM.pdf
[2] D. Didenko, Common attacks on IoT and protection against them, 2023. URL: https://corewin.ua/blog/attacks-on-iot-how-protect/
[3] Agentless vulnerability management for IoT and OT. URL: https://corewin.ua/blog/agentless-vulnerability-management-for-iot-and-ot/
[4] A Survey on Sensor-based Threats to Internet-of-Things (IoT) Devices and Applications. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02041.pdf
[5] Overview of IoT protocols and how to choose best IoT protocol. URL: https://www.dusuniot.com/uk/blog/best-wireless-protocol-foryour-iot-proj... the
[6] LoRaWAN VS NB-IoT: How Do They Compare and Differ: URL: https://www.mokosmart.com/uk/lorawan-vs-nb-iot-how-do-they-compare-and-d...
[7] Sigfox Technology URL: https://www.betasolutions.co.nz/Blog/17/Sigfox-TechnologyReview
[8] A. K. Sikder, G. Petracca, H. Aksu, T. Jaeger, A. Selcuk Uluagac, A Survey on Sensor-based Threats to Internet-of-Things (IoT) Devices and Applications, 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02041.pdf
[9] P. Saxena, The advantages and disadvantages of Internet Of Things, 2016. URL: https://e27.co/advantages-disadvantages-internet-things-20160615/
[10] IoT security guide. URL: https://www.dsci.in/files/content/knowledge-centre/2023/IoTSecurity-Guid...
[11] Gloukhovtsev, IoT_Security_Challenges_Solutions_and_Future_Prospects, 2018KS URL: https://education.dell.com/content/dam/dell-emc/documents/enKumar, us/2018KS_Gloukhovtsev-IoT_Security_Challenges_Solutions_and_Future_Prospects.pdf
[12] V. IoT Security Challenges and Best Practices. URL: https://www.happiestminds.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IoT-Security-Сhallengesand-Best-Practices.pdf
[13] Briefing for IoT Solution Specialists: Using LoRaWAN® in Smart Buildings, Cities & Utilities. URL: https://lpwaninfo.com/
[14] Biggest security challenges & solutions for https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html