The paper evaluates the potential impact of internal biogenic pollutants (phosphorus) on the trophic state of the deep, stratified Lake Swiete in Obra, Poland (area 23.3 ha, depth 15.3 m). The amount of phosphorus in interstitial water was analyzed on the basis of spatial studies of 10 cm of surface sediments of bottom sediments. It has been shown that the release of loading accumulated in the water can worsen the trophic state of the lake.
[1] Kajak Z., 2001. Hydrobiology - limnology. Inland water ecosystems (in Polish). PWN, Warsaw.
[2] Scheffer M.,1990. Multiplicity of stable states in freshwater systems. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 475–486.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530365
[3] Gołdyn R., 2000. Shines and shadows of biomanipulation on the example of the Maltanskie Reservoir in Poznań (in Polish). Proceedings of the IX Scientific Conference “Ochrona i rekultywacja jezior” Polish Association of Sanitary Engineers and Technicians, Przysiek, 145-153.
[4] Shapiro J., Wright DI.,1984. Lake restoration by biomanipulation. Round Lake, Minnesota – the first two years. Freshwat.Biol. 14: 371–383.
[5] Boström B., Jansson M., Forsberg C., 1982. Phosphorus release from lake sediments. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 18, 5-59.
[6] Forsberg C., 1989. Importance of sediments in understanding nutrient cyclings in lakes. Hydrobiologia, 176/177, 263 - 277.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2376-8_24
[7] Golterman H. L., 2001. Phosphate release from anoxic sediments or „What did Mortimer really write?”. Hydrobiologia, 450: 99-106.
[8] Gawrońska H., Lossow K., 2008. Lake restoration - limitations and practical indications (in Polish). In: Jasser I, Robak S, Zdanowski B (eds.): Ochrona i rekultywacja wód Wielkich Jezior Mazurskich narzędziem rozwoju naukowego, gospodarczego, społecznego i kulturowego regionu. Inland Fishery Institute in Olsztyn, 39-51.
[9] Łopata M., 2013. Lake restoration - methods, conditions, stages of activities (in Polish). In: Domagała J., Czerniawski R, Pilecka-Rapacz M. (eds.) Antropopresja na ekosystemy wodne a ochrona przyrody i aktywizacja rybactwa. Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Barlinek, 61-83.
[10] Kondracki J., 1998. Regional geography of Poland (in Polish). PAN, Warsaw.
[11] Grochowska J., Czerniawski R., Łopata M., Tandyrak R., Parszuto K., Augustyniak R., Karpienia M., Płachta A., 2018. „Eutrophication of Lake Swiete in Obra: ecological status, threats, possibility of protection and restoration. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pp. 96.
[12] Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, 1959. Bathymetry and morphometric card of Lake Swiete, PO-5/5-89/59.
[13]Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2005, 21st edn, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA, pp. 1368.
[14]Januszkiewicz T., 1978. Studies on the methodology of chemical analysis of the composition of modern bottom sediments of lakes (in Polish). Zesz. Nauk. ART Olszt., Ochr. Wód i Ryb. Śródl. 8: 3-30.
[15] Augustyniak R. (2018). The influence of physical, chemical and microbiological factors on the phosphorus internal loading to the water of selected urban lakes (in Polish). Monograph of Environmental Engineering Comitee of PAS, Perfekta.info Publishing House, pp 230.
[16]Bartoszek L., 2007. Release of phosphorus from bottom sediments (in Polish). Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska 240, 42: 5–20.
[17]Mushtaq B., Rajni R., Yousuf A.R., Wanganeo A., Ahafi N., Manhas A., 2015. Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Sediments of Dal Lake Srinagar, Kasmir. Journal of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development 1 (1): 1-7.
[18] Søndegaard M., J. P. Jensen, E. Jeppesen, 2003. Role of sediment and internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia 506-509: 135-145.
[19]Kentzer A., 2001. Phosphorus and its biologically available fractions in sediments of lakes of various trophies (in Polish). UMK, Toruń.
[20]Łopata M., H. Gawrońska, 2008. Phosphorus immobilization in Lake Głęboczek following treatment with polyaluminium chloride. Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud, 37(2): 99-105.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10009-007-0046-x
[21]Augustyniak R., Neugebauer M., Kowalska J., Szymański D., Wiśniewski G., Filipkowska Z., Grochowska J., Łopata M., Parszuto K., Tandyrak R., 2017. Bottom deposits of stratified, seepage, urban lake (on the example of Tyrsko lake, Poland) as a factor potentially shaping lake water quality,Journal of Ecological Engineering 18(5): 55-62.
[22] Jeppesen E., Søndergaard M., Jensen J.P., Havens K.E., Anneville O., Carvalho L., Coveney M.F., Deneke R., Dokulil M.T., Foy B., 2005. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading - an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies. Freshw. Biol., 50: 1747-1771
[23] OECD, 1982. Eutrophication of Waters - Monitoring, Assessment and Control. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, pp.154.
[24]R.A. Vollenveider, 1976. Advances in defining critical loading levels for phosphorus in lake eutrophication, Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol., 33: 53-83.
[25]Cooke G.D., Welch E.B., Peterson S.A., Nichols S.A., 2005. Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs. Taylor & Francis. CRC Press, pp.616.
[26]Klapper H.,1991. Control of eutrophication in inland waters. Ellis Hornwood, New York.
[27]Łopata M., Wiśniewski G., 2013. The use of surface water flow to improve oxygen conditions in a hypertrophic lake. Global Journal on Advances Pure and Applied Sciences, vol 1: 710-715.
[28]Grochowska J., Brzozowska R., Łopata M., 2013. Durability of changes in phosphorus compounds in water of an urban lake after application of two reclamation methods. Water Science and Technology, 68(1): 234-239.
[29]Grochowska J., Augustyniak R. Łopata M. 2017a. How durable is the improvement of environmental conditions in a lake after the termination of restoration treatments? Ecological Engineering, 104: 23-29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.03.020
[30]Grochowska J.K., Brzozowska R., Parszuto K., Tandyrak R., 2017b. Modifications in the trophic state of urban lake, restored by different methods, Journal of Elementology 22(1): 43-53.
[31]Łopata M, Gawrońska H, Wiśniewski G, Jaworska B (2013) Restoration of two shallow, urban lakes using the phosphorus inactivation method - preliminary results. Water Science and Technology 68(10): 2127-2135.
[32]Rosińska J., Kozak A., Dondajewska R., Kowalczewska-Madura K., Gołdyn R., 2018. Water quality response to sustainable restoration measures – case study of urban Swarzedzkie Lake. Ecological Indicators, 84: 437-449.
[33]Lossow K.,1998. Protection and reclamation of lakes. Theory and practice (in Polish). Idee Ekologiczne 13: 55-70.