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The design and construction of the Citadel fortification complex in Lviv took place after the revolutionary events of 1848. The creation of the citadel was one of the tasks of the order of the Austrian authorities to build fortifications for garrisons and barracks in large cities. The need to build new defense complexes was also associated with a change in the strategy and tactics of warfare. The plan of the Austrian General Staff under the letter "R" was caused by the threats looming from the neighbor from the north - Rossia.

The article discusses the small businesses role in the market economy at the current stage of its development, characterizes its advantages and disadvantages, and defines the essence of the «competitiveness» concept. The authors have emphasized the economic and statistical analysis importance in researching the competitiveness of small businesses and in forming an effective strategy for its enhancement.

The purpose of this article is to present and provide a detailed analysis of the 3D model of the Medova Cave in Lviv, created using laser scanning technology. The main objectives include revealing the accuracy and detailing the obtained model, as well as determining its potential applications in various fields such as geological research, scientific exploration, cultural heritage, and tourism.

The research paper examines and carries out atheoretical generalization of the scientific importance of various historical and legal views on the concepts and features of the administrative-legal and coordination function of the state based on the analysis of achievements in the legal doctrine of administrative law. The problematic aspects of historical-legal and administrative-legal provisions of the coordination between the entities of the corruptioncounteraction are analyzed in the article.

The analyzed market of board games is quite widespread in the world. This market is only gaining momentum and becomes interesting in the future in Ukraine, as it is potentially large-scale and not yet saturated with goods. Indeed, the market is gradually changing and there was a particular jump during the lockdown when people got into board games. Therefore, the article reviews the board games market, which, due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, had a different impact on the enterprise’s activities in this field of activity.

Observation of the surface water state is carried out to determine its quality (contaminant content) based on the results of analytical control. The analysis of surface water was made according to the polluting sources of the object. It resulted in the proposed management decisions on directions and measures to improve the state of surface water.

Mass media zrewolucjonizowały życie współczesnego człowieka. Stały się ważnym źródłem informacji, narzędziem kształtowania różnych postaw i zainteresowań. Ich znaczenie jest szczególnie widoczne w rosnąco lawinowym cyfrowym komunikowaniu społecznym.

This article describes the life and scientific priorities of professor Myroslav Malovanyy. It also provides details and results of a joint research with his students of a liquid media treatment from different types of pollution. The main research and its results are illustrated, as well as environmental technologies that were developed by using the archived results.

The  influence  of  the  adsorption  process  of mineral  fertilizers  on  the  penetration  and retention  in  the  pores  of  the  soil  environment  of  various  components  of  fertilizers  was investigated. Experimental  researches  both  of  adsorption  properties  of  the  soil  environment and migration process of components of fertilizers in vertical soil profile were done.  

The possibilities of using modern network of active reference stations in the scientific problems of geomonitoring are considered.