середмістя

The properties of the downtown architectural and town-planning creation in the historical cities of Derazhne and Derazhnya are considered. It has been found that in Derazhne the castle was located in the southern part of today's village, on a wedge ledge formed at the place where the stream flows into the Horyn River. The downtown stood northeast of the castle. Its territory had features of a regular rectangle, and the gates were located on the western and northern sides.

Lviv is one of the cities in Ukraine that had a highly developed system of medieval fortifications. This system of fortifications was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, modernized many times and served until the 18th century. However, today in Lviv, only small remains of the medieval fortifications of the city center have been preserved in the form of architectural objects - several fragments of the defensive wall and only one defensive tower, which was rebuilt into a tower in the 16th century. These preserved objects belong to the so-called High defensive wall.

The subject of this article is the signs of integrated development and the reasons for periodic success of historical cities of Ukraine. Downtowns from different settlements in size and function was included in this article: Chernihiv, Lyubech, Baturyn, Romny, Chyhyryn, Motovylivka, Nizhyn. They testify that the tradition of integral development of the center of historical cities of Ukraine is ancient. City self-government and tycoons in different ways took care of safety, production and trade infrastructure, qualitatively improved the public space of market squares.

The problem of studies of the fortification development of the Lviv midtown has a long history. As early, Bartlomej Zimorowicz was the first author who covers the history of Lviv at the 17th century. In his work "Leopolis Triplex" he pays a lot of attention to fortifications and presents materials and facts about their construction. Other researchers later relied on his work, in particular, Yaroslaw Widawski, Janusz Witwicki, Wladyslav Tomkewicz and others. Denys Zubrytskyi also made a great contribution to uncovering unknown pages of the construction of Lviv fortifications.

Wars change the pace of urban development. Destruction of the material structure and needs of residents provoke a reassessment of approaches to city reconstruction. The experience of rebuilding cities after the Second World War is divided into several stages. They are distinguished by the limit of compromise between conservative and modernist traditions. (Diefendorf. 1989; Bullock, 2002; Harlander 2012). rebuilding the material substance of cities and the problems of preserving and creating the identity of cities are equally important in the process of reconstruction.

The article highlights the methodological aspects of the architect's work in the historical environment, reveals current trends and processes of transformation of the architectural and urban planning structure of historical cities. The main approaches to their reproduction and transformation are considered and analyzed. The concept of the central part of the historical city and the method of localization of its borders are revealed. The main requirements for the reproduction and development of buildings in the central part of historical cities are highlighted.

Historical towns of Ukraine are the subject of numerous interdisciplinary
studies. The focus is mainly on those settlements that have preserved the planning composition
or have significant historical significance. Instead, towns that have lost opportunities for
spatial development remain unnoticed. The purpose of article is to determine the spatial
parameters of downtown and individual development anomalies of unsuccessful cities:

Historical towns of Ukraine are the subject of numerous interdisciplinary studies. The focus is
mainly on those settlements that have preserved the planning composition or have significant
historical significance. Instead, towns that have lost opportunities for spatial development remain
unnoticed. The purpose of article is to determine the spatial parameters of downtown and individual
development anomalies of unsuccessful cities: Yaltushkiv, Mezhyriv, Porosyatkiv, Maryanivka,
Barok and Berlyntsi.

This article describes the nature and fortification structure of downtowns in the cities of Kyiv region in the 17th - late 18th centuries. Geometric and proportional properties of strengthening downtowns are determined. Stages of formation and features of changes in the fortifications of the downtown and castles during the 17th-18th centuries in the cities of Kyiv region are revealed.

The article clarifies meaning of downtown in the process of forming the historical towns of Ukraine is underestimated. As a result of analysis of the existing settlement structure and the preservation of historical development, it has been determined that the towns need to preserve cultural identity, architectural heritage, local values, traditions and identity of the historic city. Urban building value in the meanwhile is determined by the planning scheme, the importance of the area for the city, the picturesqueity that is revealed in the general panorama of the city.