Problems and Prospects of the Neutralization of Threats of E-Voting in Ukraine

Authors: 

Oleksandr Markovets1 , Mykola Buchyn1, Vasil Sprinsyan2 and Vira Liubchenko3

1. Lviv Polytechnic National University 

2. Odesa Polytechnic National University

 3. Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg

The article contains an analysis of the problems and prospects of the neutralization of threats that impede the introduction of electronic voting in Ukraine. On the basis of the conducted expert survey, an expert assessment of the influence of each threat, developed by the authors, to the introduction of e-voting during the election process in Ukraine has been shown. The researchers demonstrate the position of experts on the possibility of neutralization of existing threats as a condition for the implementation of electronic voting and conducting elections in Ukraine in accordance with the democratic standards. With the results of the expert survey and the author's formula, the level of potential neutralization of threats when using e-voting in Ukraine is estimated. 

[1] O. Markovets and M. Buchyn, 'Threats of the implementation of e-voting and methods of their neutralization', in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Lviv, Ukraine, 2022. Vol. 3296: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Social Communication and Information Activity in Digital Humanities (SCIA-2022), pp. 29–39.

[2] O. Markovets and M. Buchyn, 'Threats and Perspectives of the Implementation of E-Voting in Ukraine', in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Lviv, Ukraine, 2023. Vol. 3608: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Social Communication and Information Activity in Digital Humanities (SCIA-2023), pp. 34-44.

[3] M. Buchyn, A. Helesh, and B. Shubyn, ‘Information Security During Electronic Voting: Threats and Mechanisms for Ensuring’, in 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Advanced Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), 2021, pp. 266–269. doi: 10.1109/AICT52120.2021.9628971.

[4] M. Buchyn, ‘Peculiarities and problems of measuring the level of democratic elections’, Balkan Social Science Review, 2023, vol. 21, pp. 105–125. doi: 10.46763/BSSR2321105b

[5] O. Markovets, M. Buchyn, A. Kovalchuk and T. Basyuk, 'Russian Informationpsychological Special Operations in Ukraine and Peculiarities of System Design for Their Countermeasures', in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Lviv, Ukraine, 2023. Vol. 3608: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Social Communication and Information Activity in Digital Humanities (SCIA-2023), pp. 108-128.

[6] O. Tsebenko, N. Lukach, Y. Zavada and O. Stadnichenko, 'Model for Assessing Development of E-Government in Eastern Partnership Countries', Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 2022, Vol. 421, pp. 425-447.

 [7] N. Kersting and H. Baldersheim, Electronic Voting and Democracy. A Comparative Analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan London, 2004. Accessed: Aug. 26, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230523531

[8] L. Panizo Alonso, M. Gascó, D. Y. Marcos del Blanco, J. Á. Hermida Alonso, J. Barrat, and H. Aláiz Moreton, ‘E-Voting System Evaluation Based on The Council of Europe Recommendations: Helios Voting’, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 161–173, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TETC.2018.2881891.

[9] D. Y. Marcos del Blanco, D. Duenas-Cid, and H. Aláiz Moretón, ‘E-Voting System Evaluation Based on the Council of Europe Recommendations: nVotes’, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science(, Cham, 2020, vol. 12455, pp. 147–166. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-603472_10.

[10] A. Bayaga, M. Kyobe, and J. Ophoff, ‘Criticism of the role of trust in e-government services’, in 2020 Conference on Information Communications Technology and Society (ICTAS), 2020, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ICTAS47918.2020.233973.

[11] A. Bhawiyuga, A. Basuki, and N. W. Tiera, ‘An Ethereum Based Distributed Application for Ensuring the Integrity of Stored E-Voting Data’, in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, New York, NY, USA, 2021, pp. 235–239. doi: 10.1145/3479645.3479706.

[12] A. Alshehri, G. Srivastava, W. Rajeh, M. Alrowaily and M. Almusali, ‘Privacy-Preserving E-Voting System Supporting Score Voting Using Blockchain’, Applied Sciences, 2023, Vol. 13 (2). doi: 10.3390/app13021096.

[13] K. Divya and K. Usha, ‘Blockvoting:An Online Voting System Using Block Chain’, in Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Innovative Trends in Information Technology (ICITIIT), 2022, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1109/ICITIIT54346.2022.9744132.

[14] A. Al-Ameen and S. Talab, ‘The Technical Feasibility and Security of E-Voting’, The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 397–404, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://iajit.org/PDF/vol.10,no.4/4313.pdf

[15] V. Agate, M. Curaba, P. Ferraro, G. L. Re, and M. Morana, ‘Secure e-Voting in Smart Communities’, in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2020, vol. 2597. [Online]. Available: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2597/paper-01.pdf

[16] A. B. Pedin and N. Siasi, ‘Secure and Decentralized Anonymous E-Voting Scheme’ in ACMSE 2023 - Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Southeast Conference, 2023, pp. 172-176. doi: 10.1145/3564746.3587107

[17] A. Peleshchyshyn, V. Vus, O. Markovets, and R. Pazderska, ‘Methods and algorithms for performing separate operational tasks for the protection of the state information space’, in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2020, vol. 2588, pp. 392–403. [Online]. Available: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2588/paper33.pdf

[18] B. F. Alrashidi, A. M. Almuhana, and A. M. Aljedaie, ‘The Effects of the Property of Access Possibilities and Cybersecurity Awareness on Social Media Application’, in Advances in Data Science, Cyber Security and IT Applications, Cham, 2019, vol. 1097, pp. 57–68. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-36365-9_5.

[19] H. M. Almimi, S. A. Shahin, M. Sh. Daoud, M. Al Fayoumi, and Y. Ghadi, ‘Enhanced EVoting Protocol Based on Public Key Cryptography’, in 2019 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), 2019, pp. 218–221. doi: 10.1109/ACIT47987.2019.8990991.

[20] J. Budurushi, S. Stockhardt, M. Woide, and M. Volkamer, ‘Paper Audit Trails and Voters’ Privacy Concerns’, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Cham, 2014, vol. 8533, pp. 400409. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07620-1_35.

[21] R. K. Megalingam, G. Rudravaram, V. K. Devisetty, D. Asandi, S. S. Kotaprolu, and V. V. Gedela, ‘Voter ID Card and Fingerprint-Based E-voting System’, in Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Singapore, 2022, vol. 336, pp. 89–105. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-67237_8.

[22] S. M. T. Toapanta, I. F. M. Saá, F. G. M. Quimi, and L. E. M. Gallegos, ‘An Approach to Vulnerabilities, Threats and Risk in Voting Systems for Popular Elections in Latin America’, ASTES Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 106–116, 2019, doi: 10.25046/aj040315.

[23] J. I. Pegorini, A. C. C. Souza, A. R. Ortoncelli, R. T. Pagno, and N. C. Will, ‘Security and Threats in the Brazilian e-Voting System: A Documentary Case Study Based on Public Security Tests’, in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Athens, Greece, 2022, pp. 157–164. doi: 10.1145/3494193.3494301.

[24] R. Samihardjo, Murnawan, and S. Lestari, ‘E-Voting in Indonesia Election: Challenges and Opportunities’, Review of International Geographical Education Online, vol. 11, no. 6, Art. no. 6, 2021, Accessed: Aug. 26, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://rigeo.org/submit-amenuscript/index.php/submission/article/view/1594

[25] D. I. Sensuse, P. B. Pratama, and Riswanto, ‘Conceptual Model of E-Voting in Indonesia’, in Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech), 2020, pp. 387–392. doi: 10.1109/ICIMTech50083.2020.9211156.

[26] S. M. T. Toapanta, M. A. A. Armijos, and L. E. M. Gallegos, ‘Analysis of Cybersecurity Models Suitable to Apply in an Electoral Process in Ecuador’, in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Barcelona, Spain, 2020, pp. 84–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1145/3375900.3375912.