фортифікації

Complexes of urban fortifications are the basis for analyzing historical development of a settlement and developing urban planning documentation. Therefore, in 2014, as part of the publication “Atlas of Ukrainian Historic Towns, Volume1: Lviv”, the authors of the present article published a scheme-reconstruction of the localization of Lviv's historical defensive buildings based on a modern topographic basis. The format of the Atlas did not provide for a full justification of the work done.

The lost court of Franciszka Zhevuska on the Galician suburb of Lviv, located at the present-day 14-16 V. Vynnychenka Street, has been examined. This court is a classic example of suburb residences that were common on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the register of 1768, there were approximately 110 courts in the suburbs of Lviv, but none of them has not been preserved.

The subject of this article is the signs of integrated development and the reasons for periodic success of historical cities of Ukraine. Downtowns from different settlements in size and function was included in this article: Chernihiv, Lyubech, Baturyn, Romny, Chyhyryn, Motovylivka, Nizhyn. They testify that the tradition of integral development of the center of historical cities of Ukraine is ancient. City self-government and tycoons in different ways took care of safety, production and trade infrastructure, qualitatively improved the public space of market squares.

In this article we find out the historical value of town-building heritage on the territory of historic core of town Kalush, we also proved the hypothesis concerning the location of lost objects situated in the historic downtown, in this research we identify fragments of preserved elements of shape and planning city structure dated XV-XVIII century. While research process it was made the scheme including theoretical planning of the historic fortress of town Kalush for the period of XVII-XVIII century, this work was based on field surveys and collected source base.

The remains of defensive structures are an important component of the holistic perception of the historical context of many settlements in Ukraine. Local administrations show interest in creating graphic reconstructions of monuments as one of the easiest means of popularizing the historical heritage of the area.

The article is aimed at familiarizing readers and specialists with programs for the preservation of fortification territories and methods of using historical landscapes in the Netherlands, the legal aspect of preserving the remains of fortifications and terrain. The project method of integrating the territory into the tourist observation network is considered.

Ancient city fortifications are one of the specific types of defensive architecture. Along with the buildings of castles, blocks of urban residential development, monastery complexes and field defensive structures, they formed a special type of architectural and urban planning objects. During their construction, the skills of both an architect, builder, and military engineer were often combined. Not so many objects of urban defense architecture have come down to our time.

From ancient times, mankind has tried to protect their settlement from predators and
enemies. This promoted to creation of comfortable living conditions. This contributed to the
emergence of fortified settlements. On the territory that archaeologists associate with the Slavs
tribe Drevlyany, settlements began to appear in the IX century. when the Great Migration of
the Slavs was finally completed. Bohdan Zvizdetsky, researcher of drevlyan՚s antiquity, provided
information about 20 fortified settlements between the Horyn and Teteriv rivers. Such

Historical towns of Ukraine are the subject of numerous interdisciplinary
studies. The focus is mainly on those settlements that have preserved the planning composition
or have significant historical significance. Instead, towns that have lost opportunities for
spatial development remain unnoticed. The purpose of article is to determine the spatial
parameters of downtown and individual development anomalies of unsuccessful cities:

The article analyzes the research and design documentation "Historical and
architectural basic plan of the city of Lviv" (2020) in terms of identification and protection of
fortifications. The analysis of the documentation revealed little attention of the authors to the
study and coverage of the stages of development of the fortification lines of Lviv from the XIII
to the XIX century. This approach has led to the debatable identification of many objects by
their historical, urban and architectural value, inaccurate dating, lack of proposals for their