For studying the excess of youth unemployment in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions, the authors hypothesized the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups.
The aim of the study is to formulate proposals for reducing youth unemployment in Europe and selected world regions in accordance with the identified specific causes of this phenomenon.
The main objectives of the study are:
- consideration of macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions in 2015 to 2020 and the peculiarities of their interconnection;
- identification of the most specific causes of youth unemployment excess in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions;
- formation of proposals for reducing youth unemployment and justification of their feasibility.
To achieve the purpose, special and general scientific methods were used, including: graphic method, comparison, formalization, systematization, generalization, induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis.
Based on a study of employment in selected world regions in 2015 to 2020, it was found that there is a significant excess of youth unemployment compared to the general unemployment rate. However, unemployment may be less of a problem for young people than for adults, as it tends to be shorter. Moreover, young people may simply change jobs more often, so the higher unemployment rate observed is mainly functional and therefore not particularly harmful. Reducing youth unemployment is a difficult task, but complete inaction in this area or attempts to solve unemployment problems in other age groups at the expense of youth employment can lead to more severe economic consequences. In general, the hypothesis of the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups, is proven.
Among the main motives prompting scientists to further study the problems of youth unemployment are the economic and social difficulties that the economically active population faces when they lose their jobs. In the future, concrete steps can be developed by states in the framework of employment policy, which can include individual counseling procedures, as well as systemic interventions based on the analysis of social circles in which young people are involved (for example, families and couples, not just individuals).
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions is examined. In particular, the dynamics of real GDP and employment rates during 2012-2020 are reflected. It was found that young workers in Europe were more prone to job losses during the crisis than the elderly population. However, the downward trend in youth employment affects not only Europe but also other regions of the world, including developing countries, where youth unemployment can be three times higher than the general rate. A number of reasons for low youth employment are identified, including a barrier to entry the labor market due to the lack of experience, insecurity of jobs, high frequency of voluntary dismissals and a tendency of youth unemployment towards over-cyclicality.
1. World Population Prospects 2019. Retrieved from: https://population.un.org/wpp/ (in English).
2. Statistics on unemployment and supplementary measures of labour underutilization. Retrieved from: https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/unemployment-and-labour-underutilization/ (in English).
3. Lysiuk O. S. (2012). Bezrobittia yak sotsialno-ekonomichna problema naselennia Ukrainy [Unemployment as a socio-economic problem of the population of Ukraine]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats VNAU [Collection of scientific works of VNAU], No. 4(70), P. 48-53. URL: http://econjournal.vsau.org/files /pdfa/790.pdf (in Ukrainian).
4. Lych V.M., Bondar I. K., Zaiats Т. А. at al.(2009) Liudskyi kapital Ukrainy: stan, problemy, perspektyvy vidtvorennia [Human capital of Ukraine: state, problems, prospects of reproduction]. Kyiv: KNUBA (in Ukrainian).
5. Libanova E. M., Makarova , Zaiats Т. А. at al.(2020) Liudskyi rozvytok v Ukraini: priorytety rozvytku silskykh poselen u konteksti detsentralizatsii upravlinnia [Human development in Ukraine: priorities for rural development in the context of decentralization]. Kyiv: Akademperiodyka (in Ukrainian).
6. Spryiannia pratsevlashtuvanniu molodi v Ukraini / Yu. M. Marshavin, Н. Cherepanova, D. Iu. Marshavin at al. (2006). [Promoting youth employment in Ukraine]. Kyiv: IPK DSZU (in Ukrainian).
7. Sakharska O. A. (2014). Makroekonomichnyi analiz bezrobittia v neustalenykh hospodarskykh systemakh [Macroeconomic analysis of unemployment in volatile economic systems]. (PhD Thesis). Lviv National University of Ivan Franko, Lviv (in Ukrainian).
8. Heiets, V. M. Hrytsenko А. А., Blyzniuk V. V. at al. (2013) Instytuty zainiatosti ta bezrobittia: suchasni tendentsii ta vyklyky dlia Ukrainy [Institutions of employment and unemployment: current trends and challenges for Ukraine]. Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, State Institution "Institute of Economics and Forecasting" (in Ukrainian).
9. Rokicka M., Kłobuszewska M. (2016). The short-term economic consequences of insecure labour market positions in EU-28. EXCEPT Working Papers (10). Tallinn: Tallinn University. Retrieved from https://www.except- project.eu/working-papers/ (in English).
10. O'Higgins N. (2017). Rising to the youth employment challenge: new evidence on key policy issues. Geneva: ILO. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_ 556949/lang--en/index.htm (in English).
11. Karabarbounis L., Neiman B. (2013). The Global Decline of the Labor Share. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, No. 129(1), P. 61-103. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt032 Retrieved from: https://academic.oup.com/qje/article- abstract/129/1/61/1899422 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.3386/w19136
12. Zimmermann K. F., Biavaschi C., Eichhorst W., Giulietti C., Kendzia M.J. at al. (2013). Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, No. 9(1-2), P. 1-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0700000058. URL: https://www.nowpublishers.com/ article/Details/MIC-058 (in English).
13. Rani U., Furrer M. (2020). Digital labour platforms and new forms of flexible work in developing countries: Algorithmic management of work and workers. Competition & Change, No. 25(2), P. 167-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420905187. URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/ 10.1177/1024529420905187 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420905187
14. The European Commission. (2021). European Economic Forecast. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/ economy-finance/ip156_en.pdf (in English).
15. The International Labour Organization. (2011). Key Indicators of the Labour Market. Geneva: ILO (in English).
16. Manaconda M., Petrongolo B. (1999). Skill mismatch and unemployment in OECD countries. Economica, No. 66, P. 181-207 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00164
17. Youth unemployment rate in selected world regions in 2015 to 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/269640/youth-unemployment-rate-in-se... (in English).
18. Unemployment rate in selected world regions between 2015 and 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/279790/unemployment-rate-in-seclecte... (in English).
19. Ryan P. (2001). The School-to-Work Transition: A Cross-National Perspective. Journal of Economic Literature, No. 39(1), P. 34-92 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.39.1.34
20. Pagés C., Montenegro C. E. (2007). Job security and the age composition of employment: evidence from Chile. Estudios de Economia, No. 34(2), P. 109-139 (in English).
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52862007000200001
21. O'Higgins, N. (2001). Youth unemployment and employment policy: a global perspective. Geneva: ILO. Retrieved from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23698/1/youth_unemploy_end_ employment_ policy.pdf (in English).
22. Coenjaerts C., Ernst C., Fortuny M., Rei D., Pilgrim M. (2009). Youth Unemployment. Promoting pro- poor growth: employment, P. 119-132. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/green-development/43514554.pdf (in English).
23. O'Higgins N. (2007). Trends in the Youth Labour Market in Developing and Transition Countries. International Security Review, No. 50(4/97), P. 63-93.