The article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature of the human right to a fair trial, the study of mechanisms for its normative and legal enforcement, and the effectiveness of its implementation through the lens of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Particular attention is paid to the systematic interpretation of this right in the context of international human rights standards and its correlation with the national legal systems of the states – parties to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The article conducts a doctrinal study of the right to a fair trial, defines its place in the hierarchy of fundamental human rights, and substantiates its absolute nature in the context of the modern concept of human rights. This right is one of the key elements of the rule of law, guaranteeing access to effective judicial protection and ensuring a balance between public and private interests in a legal state.
Significant attention is given to analyzing the role of the judiciary as the primary guarantor of the realization of this right, while judicial protection is considered not only as an instrument for restoring violated rights but also as a structural element of the justice mechanism, which determines the democratic principles of the functioning of the state apparatus. The judicial system is obliged to ensure compliance with a set of procedural guarantees that prevent arbitrary restrictions on a person’s rights to access justice and to have their case reviewed objectively.
The study identifies the main structural components of the right to a fair trial, including:the right to have a case heard by an independent, impartial, and competent court; the right to equality of arms and adversarial proceedings; the right to legal certainty in judicial decision-making; the right to the openness and publicity of the judicial process; the right to have a case considered within a reasonable time, as an essential element of effective justice. It is noted that access to justice is a prerequisite for the realization of the right to a fair trial. Access to justice is proposed to be understood as a real opportunity, guaranteed by the state and ensured by effective legal mechanisms, for a person to appeal to the court to protect their rights, freedoms, or legitimate interests. It is argued that the primary task of the European Court of Human Rights in every case is to assess the overall fairness of the proceedings. Compliance with the requirements of a fair trial should be considered in each case, taking into account the development of the entire proceedings, rather than based on the isolated examination of one specific aspect or a particular instance.
The article also examines the issue of contradictions between national judicial systems and the standards of the European Court of Human Rights, which sometimes necessitate the revision of legal norms at the level of domestic legislation. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights demonstrates that a number of states face difficulties in implementing the Court’s decisions, which negatively affects public trust in the judiciary. It is important to emphasize that the institutional capacity of national judicial systems must correspond to European standards of justice, ensuring that citizens have a real opportunity for effective protection of their rights. Failure to meet such standards can lead to systemic problems in the field of justice and an increased number of appeals to the European Court of Human Rights. In the context of international law, the need for harmonization of national legislation with the requirements of the Convention is emphasized, which would contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the realization of the right to a fair trial. This issue is particularly relevant for countries undergoing judicial system reforms and striving to strengthen its independence. The conclusions of the article emphasize that the human rights protection role of the European Court of Human Rights is a key factor in ensuring legal certainty in judicial practice. The enforcement of its decisions is mandatory for the member states of the Convention, and their disregard may have negative consequences for a country’s international legal reputation.
- Zahalna deklaratsiia prav liudyny [Universal Declaration of Human Rights] (10 December 1948). Baza danykh “Zakonodavstvo Ukrainy” / VR Ukrainy. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_015#Text (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Konventsiia pro zakhyst prav liudyny i osnovopolozhnykh svobod [Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms] (04 November 1950). Baza danykh “Zakonodavstvo Ukrainy” / VR Ukrainy. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004#Text (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Havryltsiv, M. T. (2016). ‘Zakhyst zakonnogo interesu yak peredumova na zvernenia do administratyvnoho sudu: poniattia, sutnist, vydy’ [Protection of a legitimate interest as a prerequisite for applying to an administrative court: concept, essence, types], Naukovyi visnyk Lvivskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav. Seriia Iurydychna, Issue 4, pp. 161–171. (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Havryltsiv, M. T. (2016). ‘Orhanizatsiino-pravovi harantii zakhystu konstitutsiinoho prava liudyny i hromadianyna na sudovyi zakhyst u sferi publichnykh pravovidnosyn’ [Organizational and legal guarantees of protection of the constitutional right of a person and a citizen to judicial protection in the field of public legal relations], Naukovyi visnyk Mizhnarodnoho humanitarnogo universytetu. Seriia “Iurysprudentsiia”. No. 22. Pp. 38–42. [In Ukrainian].
- Konstytutsiia Ukrainy [The Constitution of Ukraine] (28 June 1996). Baza danykh “Zakonodavstvo Ukrainy” / VR Ukrainy. Retrieved from: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254к/96-вр (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Tatsiі, V. Ya., Petryshyn, O. V., Barabash, Yu. H. et al. (2011). Konstytutsiia Ukrainy: Naukovo-praktychnyi komentar [The Constitution of Ukraine: Scientific and Practical Commentary]. 2nd edn, revised and supplemented. Kharkiv: Pravo, 1128 p. [In Ukrainian].
- Luzhanskyi, A. V. (2010). ‘Konstytutsiina pryroda prava na dostup do pravosuddia v Ukraini’ [Constitutional nature of the right to access to justice in Ukraine], Visnyk Verkhovnoho Sudu Ukrainy, No. 10 (122), pp. 45–48. [In Ukrainian].
- Kovaliiv, M. V., Yesimov, S. S., Nazar, Yu. S., Havryltseiv, M. T., Lukianova, H. Yu., Hodiak, A. I., Blikhar, M. M. (2016). Sudovi ta pravookhoronni orhany Ukrainy: navchalnyi posibnyk [Judicial and Law Enforcement Authorities of Ukraine: Textbook]. Lviv: Lvivskyi derzhavnyi universytet vnutrishnikh sprav, 388 p. [In Ukrainian].
- Pro zabezpechennia prava na spravedlyvyi sud [On ensuring the right to a fair trial]: Zakon Ukrainy vid 15.02.2015 r. No. 192-VIII. Baza danykh “Zakonodavstvo Ukrainy” / VR Ukrainy. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/192-19 (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Sakhara N. Yu. (2010). Problema dostupnosti pravosuddia u tsyvilnykh spravakh: monohrafiia [The Problem of Access to Justice in Civil Cases: Monograph]. Kharkiv: Pravo, 256 p. [In Ukrainian].
- Chorna S. Z. (2020). ‘Constitutional consolidation of the human rights function of the judiciary in Ukraine’, National law journal: theory and practice, No. 5 (45). Р. 4–8. [In English].
- Shevchuk S. (2007). Sudovyi zakhyst prav liudyny: Praktyka Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny u konteksti zakhidnoi pravovoi tradytsii [Judicial Protection of Human Rights: Practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the Context of the Western Legal Tradition]. Kyiv: Referat, 848 p. [In Ukrainian].
- Delcourt v. Belgium, 17 January 1970, Apl. No. 2689/65, A11. Retrieved from: https://ihrda.uwazi.io/en/entity/yp6fjwarnrj?page=1(Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In English].
- Saunders v. the United Kingdom, 29 November 1996, Apl. No. 43/1994/490/572. Retrieved from: http://eurocourt.in.ua/Article.asp?AIdx=408#_edn1(Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In English].
- Driza v. Albania, 13 November 2007, No. 33771/02. Retrieved from: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-83245 (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In English].
- Fulei, T. I. (2015). Zastosuvannia praktyky Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny pry zdiisnenni pravosuddia: Naukovo-metod. posib. dlia suddiv [Application of the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: Scientific and Methodological Manual for Judges]. 2nd edn, revised and supplemented. Kyiv, 208 p. [In Ukrainian].
- Promyslovo-finansovyi konsorcium (Industrial Financial Consortium Investment) v. Ukraine, 26 June 2018, No. 10640/05. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_d41#Text (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Oleksandr Volkov v. Ukraine, 09 January 2013, No. 21722/11. Retrieved from: https://zakonrada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_947#Text (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Rekomendatsii CM/Rec (2010) 12 Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy derzhavam-chlenam shchodo suddiv: nezalezhnist, efektyvnist ta oboviazky [Recommendations CM/Rec (2010) 12 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states on judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_a38#Text (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Findlay v. the United Kingdom, 25 February 1997. Available at: https://precedent.in.ua/2016/04/09/fyndly-protyv-soedynennogo-korolevs/ (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [Іn English].
- Holm v. Sweden, 25 November 1993, No. 44/1992/389/467. Retrieved from: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf?library=ECHR&id=001112974&f... (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In English].
- Sokurenko and Stryhun v. Ukraine, 20 July 2006, No. 974_115. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_115#Text (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Pro vykonannia rishen ta zastosuvannia praktyky Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny [On the execution of decisions and application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights]: Zakon Ukrainy vid 23.02.2006 No. 3477-IV. Baza danykh “Zakonodavstvo Ukrainy” / VR Ukrainy. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3477-15#Text (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- TOV “Bazalt-Impeks” (Bazalt Impeks, TOV) v. Ukraine, 01 December 2011, No. 39051/07. Retrieved from: https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/SOO00347 (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].
- Luchaninova v. Ukraine, 09 June 2011, No. 16347/02. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_788 (Accessed: 27.03.2025). [In Ukrainian].